JOURNAL OF BOTANY,

BRITISH AND FOREIGN.

EDITED BY

BERTHOLD SEEMANN, Pu.D., F.LS.,

ADJUNCT OF THE IMPERIAL L. C. ACADEMY NATURE CURIOSORUM.

* Nunquam otiosus."

VOLUME I. &

With Plates and Woodcuts.

| LONDON: ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY. Axpnrw Error, 15, Princes Street, Edinburgh; J. ROTHSCHILD ;

1863. i dv

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO

VOLUME I. OF ‘THE JOURNAL OF BOTANY’

nderson, M.D., F.L.S. '. Babington, M. A., F.R.S., F.L.S.

l, Esq. ennett, M.D., F.L.S. . Bennett, Esq. F.R.S., F.L.S.

W. Carruthers, Esq., F.L.S.

M. C. Cooke, Esq.

Miss E. M. Cox

F. Currey, MA. F.R.S., F.L.S. M. Alphonse de Candolle.

H. R. Goeppert, Ph.D.

J. E. Gray, Ph.D., duh F.L.S. G. Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S

F. A. Hanbury, B.A.

D. Hanbury, Esq., F.L.S.

H. F. Hance, Ph.D.

J. E. Howard, Esq., F.L.S.

G. Hunt,

F. Leybold, M.D.

C. R. Markham, Esq., F.R.G.S. M. T. Masters, M.D., F.L.S.

G. Maxwell, Esq.

J. Milde, Ph.D.

J. Miers, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. W. Mitten, Esq., A.L.S.

Ld

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

Thomas Moore, Esq., F.L.S. A G- vue Esq., F.L.S. W. Mudd, E: Rev. W. W. Nowbould, M.A., F.L.S. R. C. A. Prior, M.D., F.L.S. H. Schott, Ph.D. C. H. Schultz-Bipontinus, M.D. T Schweinfurth, Ph. D.

B. Seemann, Ph.D., F.L. S. pee Smith, Esq.

J. T. Boswell Syme, Esq., F.L.S. F. Townsend, M.A., F.L.S. H. C. Watson, án. F.L.S.

E 4 is a E p E

W.Fitch,del «t lith.

THE

JOURNAL OF BOTANY,

BRITISH AND FOREIGN.

ON BRITISH SPECIES OF ISOETES.* By Cnanrzs C. Basineroy, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. (Prate I.)

UNTIL very recently no person had any idea that we possessed in England more than one species of Isoëtes; indeed, the time is not far distant when no botanist suspected that more than one species existed in Europe, or even in the whole world. We find Messrs. Hooker and Arnott, in the eighth edition of their ‘ British Flora’ (published in 1860), saying that “there is probably only one species of the genus.” Not having materials at hand, I am unable to state how many species are really to be found in Europe; and we shall probably not be accu- rately informed on that subject until M. Durieu de Maisonneuve pub- lishes the monograph which has been so long expected. I possess the following European species in my herbarium :—(1) J. lacustris, L., (2) T. echinospora, Dur., (3) I. tenuissima, Bor., (4) I. adspersa, A. Br., (5) I.seta- cea, Del., (6) I.velata, Bory, (7) I. Hystriz, Dur., and (8) I, Duriai, Bory. For specimens of some of these I am indebted to M. Durieu, and for others to my esteemed friend M. J. Gay, of Paris. In the ‘British Flora’ (1862), e:^* Sir W. J. Hooker, although obliged to allow that at least two species exist, viz. a plant with its rhizome more or less covered by the per-

* An able contribution towards the natural history of IJsoétes has been — by Dr. Alexander Braun, Professor of Bota auy at Berlin, in the thi d fourth numbers of the Transactions of the ge Society of the Province of Brandenburg and the aaye Districts | 1862, 8vo), from which we may be tem tempted to give extracts o —Ep.

VOL. I. B

2 ON BRITISH SPECIES OF ISOÉTES.

sistent hardened. leaf-bases, which terminate in three. curious spines, which he calls Z. Durigi, and the T. lacustris, which totally wants those hard parts, nevertheless is manifestly unwilling to allow of the existence of any others. I can only suppose that he has never examined with the microscope the structure of the macrospores of the plants, for, had he done so, it is scarcely possible to believe that he could arrive at such a conclusion.

But it is not proposed to enter here into a discussion of the distine-

tive characters of the species mentioned above, of which the first six -

belong to the Z. lacustris of. Hooker, and the seventh and eighth to his T. Duriai, but to give a popular account of the proceedings of myself and others in the discovery of J. echinospora in England and Scotland, and J. Hysíriz in Guernsey. To begin with J. Hysíriz, Dur., which, having as yet been found only in Guernsey, has no true claim to be in- cluded in the British flora. My first information of its discovery was contained. in a letter from a very intelligent and obliging gardener in Guernsey, Mr. G. Wolsey, dated. 15th October, 1860.. It contained a bit of the Zsoctes, asking its name, and mentioning that it was found on

L’Ancresse Common, in Guernsey, in June. of that year, ..Atasubse-

quent time I obtained several more good specimens of the plant from him, and was enabled, by careful examination, and the comparison of

of them with the plate (36) of T. Hystriz and I. Duriei contained in the — ‘Expédition scientifique de l'Algérie; and. the descriptions given by —

Cosson in * Notes sur quelques Plantes nouvelles ou critiques’ (p. 70), and the * Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,' xviii. 1167, to ascertain with certainty that Wolsey's plant is the 7. Hystriz.. Before such examination, Dr. Joseph Hooker was of opinion that it was Z. Duriei ; but it must be added that he had no macrospores to examine,

for the first specimen sent to me, and shown to him, retained only the —

microspores, Our specimens are very similar to some kindly sent to me by Gay, as gathered by Durien “ in graminosis arenosis siccis circa Vasconiz maritime lacum. Cazau,” in July, 1860. He marks it as “ forma phyllopodiis abbreviatis," in which respect, the Guernsey and Cazau specimens differ remarkably from those from Algeria, —remark- appearance, not in reality ; for. the structure is the same, but the persistent phyllopodes are fewer in number and shorter. Indeed, even the Algerine specimens now before me are not

nearly so spinous as that which was selected for delineation in the

ON BRITISH SPECIES OF ISOETES. 3

“Expédition ‘scientifique.’ Although I could not have the slightest - doubt concerning the name of the plant, I took an opportunity of sending specimens to France, and obtaining from M. Durieu de Maison- neuve, the first describer of the species, and M. J. Gay, the next best authority on the genus, a confirmation of my nomenclature. I need not enter into a discussion of the characters of the plant, for they are given, to the best of my ability, in the last edition of my * Manual ;’ and a good illustration of it, under the mistaken name of J. Duriei, is to be found in Hooker's * British Ferns? (t. 56). Nevertheless, it may be well to remark that the maerospores of I. Hystrix are bluntly tuber- cled, whilst those of 7. Duriai are “ fortement! et profondément scrobi- eulées ;" that is to say, the whole macrospore is covered with a net- work of elevated lines with deep hollows between them in I. Duriei, and with minute blunt tubercles in J. Hystrix. It is true that a tolerably high magnifying power is required to show these structures ; but of course that does not detract from their value. We may reason- ably hope that this curious plant will be found in Devon or Cont- wall before many years have passed.

I now turn to the other addition to our flora,—a true addition, since it is found in England and Scotland. On August 6, 1845, in com- pany with Dr. Balfour and a small party of students, I visited Loch Sloy and Ben Voirlich, near Loch Lomond, in Scotland, and gathered what I then called Z. /acustris in a little pool near to the top of the mountain. In 1847 I collected a plant, also then called Z. lacustris, in the river that runs out of the lakes at Llanberis, in North Wales: on that occasion in company with my friend Newbould. At an earlier time Mr. W. Wilson gathered a specimen of the same plant as those just mentioned, in * a pool near Llyn-y-Cwn,” near Llanberis. The bo- tanical guide, John Roberts, calls this pool Llyn-y-Cwn-bach. The specimens remained wrongly named until 1860, in which year I sent a considerable number of specimens of Isoétes to M. Gay, at Paris. By letter, dated September 5 of that year, he informed me that my speci- mens proved that there were two species in the country surrounding the village of Llanberis, namely Z. lacustris, Linn., and I. echinospora, Dur. He also kindly gave me the requisite information by which to know them. T thereby determined the true name of the Scottish specimens and that found by Mr. Wilson; but, to render assurance

doubly sure, I sent them to M. Gay, who showed the whole collection

B 2

4 ON BRITISH SPECIES OF ISOETES.

to M. Durieu, and they concurred in stating that the plants from the two places near Llanberis and that from Ben Voirlich are T. echino- spora. In the spring of 1862, I obtained, through the kindness of the Rev. A. Beverly and Mr. W. Sutherland (both of Aberdeen), specimens of the Z. echinospora gathered in a lake not many miles from that city, and called by the two names of Loch Park and Loch Drum. "These I sent to Paris, and had my determination of them also confirmed.

Having thus fully established the existence of the plant in England and Scotland, and convinced myself of the distinctness of the species from J. lacustris, I introduced it into the fifth edition of my * Manual,’ which was published in May, 1862.

Soon after that date, I learned from M. Gay that he intended to visit North Wales for the purpose of examining Isoëtes, as he had re- cently done in Central France (of which journey a very full and inter- esting account will be found in the * Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France,’ viii. and ix.), and determined to join him in his search. I also persuaded my accurate friend Newbould to accompany me. The three arrived at Llanberis on August 13, and remained there until August 21, when we were obliged to leave M. Gay to complete his re- searches alone. We found J. lacustris to be exceedingly abundant in nearly all the lakes and mountain tarns of that district, and obtained I. echinospora in the places where Mr. Wilson and I had formerly ga- thered it, and in several other places in the neighbourhood. Z. echino- spora is by far the less common plant, and is never found except where there is peat at the bottom of the water. After a very little experience, assisted by the teaching of M. Gay, Mr. Newbould and I acquired fa- cility in distinguishing the plants when growing, and could lean over the side of a boat and select the T. echinospora with certainty. The spreading leaves (fronds) and pale green colour of it contrast well with the dark tint and usually erect leaves of J. lacustris. The plants some- times grow together, but, as T have already said, it is useless to look for I. echinospora in any place where the water does not rest — a peat soil.

It now remains for British botanists to discover the distribution of these two plants in Britain. There must be more than two localities for it in Scotland; there probably are others in England and Wales, and surely it exists in Ireland. I have taken some trouble to obtain specimens from different places, but have not succeeded in acquiring

ANTHURIUM GLADIIFOLIUM, A NEW BRAZILIAN AROIDEA. 5

much information beyond what is stated above, and none relative to J, echinospora. Botanical collectors do not seem to have taken, nor do now. take, much interest in the genus. Let. us hope that these hastily- written remarks may stir them up to greater activity. M. Gay is doing his utmost to learn the distribution of the plant in Frauce, Dr. A. Braun is doing the same in Germany, and surely English botanists should not be lagzards in the chase. Allow me to constitute myself a centre of communication on matters relating to Zsoéfes, and. to. request all persons interested in the plants to write to me at Cambrid

In conclusion, it may be well to add, that J. echinospora was first published and characterized with that name by Durieu de Maisonneuve in the ‘Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France’ (viii, 164, March 22, 1861), and that the first ecord of its discovery in Britain is, L believe, contained in a letter addressed by me to the Linnean Society of London, and read at the meeting of March 20, 1862, and published in the Proceedings of the Society for that year, at p.

ExrrANATION OF PLATE I.

Isoëtes echinospora, Dur.—Fig. 1. Interior view of an inner leaf. 2. pases

3. Section of capsule. 4. Mierospores. 5. Exterior view of an outer leaf, 6. In-

terior view of the base of an outer leaf, 7. Capsule. 8. Section of capsule. 9. Macrospores.

ANTHURIUM GLADIIFOLIUM, A NEW BRAZILIAN AROIDEA.

By Dr. H. Scnorr, Director of the Imperial Gardens at Schenbrunn,

AwTHURIUM gladiifolium, Schott.—Petiolus pedalis et ultra, cras- sitie penne anserine majoris, antice deplanatus et marginibus acietatis auctus. Geniculum leviter incrassatum, 6-8 lineas longum. Lamina folii subcoriacea, supra glauco-viridis, infra ex glauco flavens, gudi formis, 24 pedes longa, 4 pollices et ultra lata, basi rotundata vel cu- neata, apice sensim angustata et exitu cuspidato-apiculata. Costa utrinque convexa, Vene costales subimmersæ, aperte patentes et pa- tentes. Pseudoneurum intimum a margine remotiusculum. Peduncu- lus 22-24 pollices longus, pennæ anserine tenuioris crassitiz, apicem versus livescens. Spatha lanceolata, basi antice subdecurrens, quasi Oblique amplexa et horizontaliter reversa, apice acuta, 2— 21 pollices

6 ON CERTAIN FORMS OF THE COMMON RYE-GRASS.

longa, 6-7 lineas lata. — Spadiz myosuroideus, 4—5 pollices longus, 4-5

lineas crassus, sursum versus leviter attenuatus, apice obtusatus, colore

ex brunneo-violascente. Has.— Brasilia, Archidux Ferd. Maziil.

. ON CERTAIN FORMS OF THE COMMON RYE-GRASS (Lolium perenne, Linn.). By Maxwe.t T. Masters, M.D., F.L.S., Lecturer on Botany, St. George's Hospital.

One great advantage likely to accrue from the publication of Mr. Darwin’s well-known books on the ‘Origin of Species’ and on the * Fertilization of Orchids’ is the reconciliation, so to speak, of the two opposite Botanical parties—the ** lumpers"' and the “ hair-splitters.” Both these classes of investigators are without doubt equally eager in their search after truth, although they follow the chase in two very differ-

ent fashions. Mr. Darwin’s views and observations on the variations — —

occurring in plants and animals, from divers causes, will no doubt attract much attention to the subject on the part of those who habitually study the most minute details of structure, and who are thought by their op- ponents to pay undue importance to them ; while the latter class of ob- ‘Servers must now admit that these apparently trifling variations may be of extreme consequence in the economy of the plant or animal, and may even be of great service for classificatory purposes. In this latter point of view they will, contrary to what they have previously supposed, be carrying out that rule of systematic botany which enjoins that characters drawn from combined morphological and physiological data, shall have higher value than those founded upon one branch of science only.*

_ In the present communication I am only desirous of directing atten- tion to certain variations in a well-known and widely-diffused plant, and I have no wish to draw any crude conclusions from them, nor to enter into disputed points connected with the specific identity of Lolium perenne with other closely allied forms. The plant in question, and its ordinary mode of inflorescence, are too well known to need description . * This subject is more fully entered into in a Į in the Brit. and For. Med. Chir. Review, January, 186;

paper, by the writer of this notice, 862. E

ON CERTAIN FORMS OF THE COMMON RYE-GRASS. 7

in this place. The variations from it which form. the subject of the present. notice, may for convenience sake be arranged under the follow- ing heads. Deviations affecting—

A. The rachis or axis of the inflorescence.

D. The arrangement of the spikelets.

C. The axis of the spikelets.

D. The disposition of the flowers.

E. The structure of the flowers.

A. Affecting the main rachis of the inflorescence.

. 1l. Increased length of the internodes of the main rachis, so that the spikelets become separated one from the other by much longer in- tervals than usual. This form is usually accompanied by atrophy of the spikelets, which are smaller than usual, and some of the constituent florets are imperfectly developed. The whole plant is feeble in habit and undersized, and is usually met with in situations and under circum- stances that seem sufficient to account for its starved appearance. This is probably what has been called Z. tenue, L. l

2. The converse of the preceding is shown in the variety cristatum, where the spikelets throughout the whole length of the inflorescence are as closely packed as they are at the uppermost portion of the rachis of the ordinary form. Here, then, each spikelet is in contact with the one above and below it, on the same side of the rachis, throughout its entire length. What has been termed the Battledore Ray-grass is merely a modification or less perfect form of this variety, and is cha- racterized by the presence of an egg-shaped spike of not more than one- fourth the usual length.

3. Branching of the rachis, so as to form a dendi "dus as in the var. sometimes called compositum, or at other times paniculatum. The degree of branching varies very much in different specimens, and is carried to such an extent in one specimen in the Hookerian h rium, as to constitute a noble-looking plant. A similar variation is common enough in other Grasses, such as Triticum, Maize, etc., and is the normal state in several species. In the species in question, the branching of the inflorescence seems to result from good living, as the more perfect specimens of it occur in rich soils and cultiyated fields, rather than by the wayside.

8 ON CERTAIN FORMS OF THE COMMON RYE-GRASS.

B. Deviations affecting the arrangement of the spikelets.

In vars. 1 and 2, the arrangement of the spikelets is necessarily in- terfered with, but in a manner which is consequent upon the lengthening or shortening of the stem. There are other variations in the disposition of the spikelets not necessarily connected with any alteration in the stem, thus :—

4. Spikelets arranged in pairs on each notch of the rachis, as in Hordeum or Elymus, not singly as usual, var. geminatum, while M. Fournier* (of whose observations I have availed myself in writing this notice) has described a

5. Variety in which the spikelets are arranged spirally round the stem —var. speirostachyum. 1 have not met with perfect instances of this.

C. Deviations affecting the axis of the spikelets. i

6. Lengthening of the axis of the spikelet, by which means the florets are more widely separated one from the other than they are under ordinary eireumstances. This may occur to a varying degree, and may be unaccompanied by any other change, although it is not unfrequently met with in conjunction with var. 3. When well marked, it alters the general aspect of the plant very much. A specimen in my possession, where every spikelet is thus affected, and where the axis is not only lengthened but flexuose, has a very elegant appearance. The converse of this, where the interfloral Spaces are shorter than usual, is neces- sarily so slight in amount, as practically to be of little importance.

7. Branching of the axis of the spikelet. Instances of this kind

D. Deviations affecting the arrangement of the florets. _ 8. The florets. are usually arranged on either side of the axis of the spikelets, after the same fashion as the spikelets themselves are placed on the sides of the main rachis; but sometimes it happens that, owing to the arrested growth in length of the axis, the florets are tufted, i. e. they are arranged in circles or whorls, In this very curious variety, the shape of. the spikelet is much changed ; in place of being flattened and somewhat pointed at its free end, it becomes in this variety almost spherical, hence this variety might be called var. spheerostachyum. It * Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 1858. p. 85,

ON TECOPHILEACEJE. 9

may exist independently of any other change, but more frequently it is combined with partial or complete obliteration of the stamens and pis- tils, and the substitution for those organs of an equivalent or an in- creased number of scales. For three years in succession I have noticed plants affected with tbis variation or deformity in the same locality, in- termingled with specimens of the usual appearance.

E. Deviations affecting the structure of the florets.

Under this head are included such changes as the substitution of scales for stamens, etc., as just mentioned; the curious change that brings about the production of leafy buds in the place of flowers, as in the instances of chloranthy or viviparity. These do not come within the scope of the present communication.

Hence, then, —by the lengthening or shortening of the axis, the deve- lopment of branches from it, the various methods in which the spikelets, or even the flowers, may be arranged in the same species,—a range of variation of considerable extent is brought about, a range much greater in extent than that existing between many so-called species.

ON TECOPHILEACE/E A NEW NATURAL ORDER OF MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. By Dr. F. LEYBOLD, of Santiago de Chile.

Herbe rhizomate bulboso-fibroso, glabræ. Caulis scapiformis, sim- plex vel apice subramosus, nune aphyllus, nune foliatus. Folia sæ- pissime omnia radicalia, simplicia, integra, alternantia, linearia, basi vaginantia, caulina sessilia. Flores ersisiplstoditi subirregulares, nunc solitarii terminales, nune laxe paniculati, bracteis foliaceis a ebracteatis. Perigonium corollinum semisuperum, breviter tubulosum, She AP laciniis biseriatis, interioribus nonnihil minoribus,

rioribus submucronulatis, marcescens. Stamina introrsa sex, peri- gonii fauce inserta, inclusa, tria fertilia collateralia, quorum unum laci- nie exteriori, duo interioribus opposita, filamentis subulatis, antheris bilocularibus, dorso insertis, versatilibus, apice introrse dehiscentibus, foraminulo in utroque loculorum minuto, basi antice calcaratis, toti- dem ananthera, longiora, lanceolata, apice subulosa, laciniis duabus exterioribus et interiori opposita. Ovarium semi-inferum, triloculare,

‘10 ON TECOPHILEACES.

multiovulatum. Ovula biseriata, adscendentia, columns centrali in- serta. Stylus simplex, cum ovario continuus, basi conicus, filiformis, stigmate capitato trifido. Capsula trigona, trilocularis, loculicido-tri- valvis. Semina plurima, oblonga.—Herbze chilenses, monticola, vernales. < Ordo ab Irideis, qu;e perigonii et rhizomate structura similes, anthe-

rarum numero, directione introrsa et dehiscentia earundem foramini- :

formi loculorum apice, valde diversus.- Tecophilea, Berlero et Colla. Phyganthus, Peppig.

1. TECOPHILEA violeflora, Bert. Phyganthus vernus, Poppig.— — T. tenerrima, bulbo fibroso; folio radicali unico, lineari, carinato, —

apice acuminato-cuspidato, ad marginem subundulato e basi vaginante ; seapo erecto, uni- vel rarius bifloro, infra apicem obsolete MON flore violaceo

Has. In mentibis aridis Chile borealis versus preedium ** Concon”

primo vere (mense Augusto) florens, Pzppig. Prope “ Quillota” legit - orn. Gay, et mense Sept. in monte “ Cuesta de Prado" dictu provin- —

ciæ Santiago invenit preclar. Philippi.

2. TECOPHILEA cyano-crocus, n. sp., Leybold.— T. bulbo fibroso; foliis |

radicalibus alternantibus plerumque duobus vel tribus, linearibus, cari-

natis, undulatis, glaberrimis, reclinatis, e basi vaginante, vagina inclusis | membranacea, albida; scapo erecto uni- vel bi- vel trifloro, foliaceo- bracteolato ; flore campanulato magno, petalis biseriatis, interioribus -

angustioribus, exterioribus submucronulatis ; staminibus omnibus luteis, | calcaribus fertilium subulisque sterilium duplo long'orum pellueide - -albis; ovario semi-infero, oblongo, obovato, subtrigono; stylo fili- formi, apice trifido, fimbriato; ovulis adscendentibus, biseriatis, quinque- -

jugis, longe ellipticis.

Flos conspicuus, colore azureo vel cyaneo, sed Croci forma et habitu; — petalis tribus inferioribus staminibus sterilibus oppositis, unguem

versus atro-ewruleis, tribus superioribus antheris fertilibus oppositis;

pallidi »ribus, illic pitis duobus superioribus interioribus basi utrinque :

albo-fimbriatis.— Foliorum consistentia Ornithogalo similis.

Has. Floret mensibus Octobre et Novembre in alta Cordillera pue :

vincize Santiago dictu ** Pinquenes en la Dehesa."

NI COEUR E SL PSU S ner MEAN Wah Ea m SECRET

11

ON SOME OF THE BRITISH PANSIES, AGRESTAL AND : MONTANE,

By J. G. BAKER, Esq.

. According to the masters of the modern. French school of deserip- tive phytography, a number of plants, united. under the name of Viola tricolor, retain under cultivation characteristics sufficiently distinctive - to justify their separation. Is it so, or is it not'so? We have really no other practical test to rely upon to decide what are species and what are not, but permanence of diagnostic characteristics ; and when that is the case, how can we fairly blame any one for separating plants as dis- tinct if they appear to possess permanent characteristics, or for retaining them as distinct so long as the characteristics assigned to them are not demonstrated, by observation and experiment, to be unstable? . At any rate, we may rest asssured that in cases of this kind, arguments for syn- thesis must be supported by a careful record of observed facts of detail

to be availing.

To what extent, may I be allowed to ask, is Viola tricolor to be seen in Britain at the present time, beyond the bounds of cultivated land ? In classifying lately the plants of North Yorkshire, according to their categories of citizenship, the question occurred to me, whether it should be placed as a colonist or a native. I, have seen it in two places in woods, but in neither case were they clearly aboriginal woods. I should like to know what are the experiences, in this matter, of other observers,

I gathered, in 1860, near the Spital of Glen Shee, in Perthshire, a Pansy with the habit of growth of 7. tricolor, but yet apparently with a perennial root, and growing in a station suitable for 7. lutea, in a meadow near the banks of a stream. The stem is nearly a foot in height, branching at the crown of the root, and as succulent and robust as in ordinary éricolor. The leaves do not differ notably from those of the plant first. described, the lower ones being broadly ovate, and the upper ones lanceolate. The lateral lobes of the stipules are linear, erecto-patent, or slightly curved; the terminal lobe much larger than the others, elongated, spathulate, entire, or somewhat leaf-like, and very slightly toothed. The lower peduncles are slender, and about three times as long as the leaves; and the sepals are narrowed gra- dually, and are conspicuously shorter than the petals. The upper petals are broadly obovate in shape, a rich deep purple in colour, mea-

12 ON SOME OF THE BRITISH PANSIES.

suring three-eighths of an inch in width, and more than half an inch — in depth from the apex to the throat; the middle pair are somewhat —

narrower and paler, and are marked with dark lines at the base; the lowest one considerably broader than the distance from the throat: to its outer edge, bright yellow within, dark-coloured lines radiating to its outer half; and the spur is blunt, and violet-coloured, and longer than the calycine appendages. This was submitted to Boreau, and marked by him, “ Videtur V. lepida, Jordan." This is a plant de- scribed iu Jordan's * Pugillus,’ page 28, and given there, with a mark of doubt, as a plant of Belgium. Has any wild station since been ascertained for it? My plant agrees very well with the description, unless it be in the spur, which is stated to be ** eximie patenti-deflexo.” I wish any one who may have the opportunity would search out this plant and investigate it further. I brought home seeds and sowed them, but they did not come up the next spring, probably because they

were not ripe enough. The plant grows upon the north side of the — :

stream, just above the bridge nearest the Spital of Glen Shee, and con-

sequently within a short distance of the inn, which is a resting-place 1

r the coaches between Blairgowrie and the Castletown of Braemar. This plant evidently occupies, like 7. sabulosa and V. Curtisii, an in-

termediate position between lutea and tricolor; and, as I have indi- -

cated already, it isa montane, not an agrestal plant. Jordan com- pares it to V. vivariensis, which is also a montane plant, between X. tri- color and V. lutea.

We haye in North Yorkshire a montane Pansy, which, at first sight, seems to differ notably from V. lutea, but which I believe to be con- nected with it by intermediate stages of gradation. It has small yellow flowers, petals standing forward as in the cornfield J. arvensis, stipules with sickle-shaped lateral and crenate leaf-like terminal lobes. This grows upon the Richmond race-course, and, with Thlaspi occitanum, at

the lead-mines of Copperthwaite Moor, near Reeth. I got seeds at 3

the latter station in autumn, and hope to cultivate it.

The common large-petalled cornfield Pansy of North Yorkshire is a plaut of annual duration, which is usually more or less branched at the crown of the root, and has slender, somewhat erecto-patent stems, of

about a foot in height. ‘The lower leaves are almost as broad as long, — and broadly ovate or even cordate in shape; the higher ones passing, — as we ascend the stem, from typically ovate to typically lanceolate; and a

I

ON SOME OF THE BRITISH PANSIES. 13

all of them having shallow bluntish crenations. The lateral lobes of the stipules are linear-lanceolate, entire, straight or slightly sickle-shaped, the terminal Jobe lanceolate, elongated, and somewhat leaf-like, usually with but faint crenations. The peduncles are slender, and conspicuously exceed the leaves, the lower ones being sometimes three or four inches in length. The sepals are lanceolate acuminate. The petals conspicu- ously exceed the sepals, the upper pair being in shape obovate, in colour a rich deep bluish-purplish, conspicuously overlapping in the fully ex- panded flower, the middle pair paler and narrower, the lowest petal broadly obovate, about half an inch wide at the broadest portion, and half an inch deep from the margin to the throat; in colour yellowish or whitish, more or less tinged with purple, the throat bright yellow, with seven dark-purplish lines radiating from it. The spur is compressed, purplish and blunt, and exceeds more or less notably the calycine ap- pendages. This is the ordinary form of the plant in the cornfields of North Yorkshire, a plant which was labelled for me by Professor Boreau “ Accedit ad P. Lloydii, Jordan.” Upon comparing with the authenticated V. Lloydii, as described in the third edition of the ‘Flore du Centre,’ vol. ii. p. 81, the only points in which our plant does not quite coincide are in the corolla, which is stated to be “moyenne, dépassant peu le calice," and the spur, which is stated to be shorter than the calycine appendages. In our plant, the spur exceeds the appendages, and the ‘dépassant,” I should say, might be safely used without the “peu” in comparing the petals with the sepals. In the common fallow-field form of the plant, which often flowers quite early in spring, the stems are stronger, and usually diffuse or subpro- cumbent, the upper leavés broader, the terminal lobe of the stipules more leaf-like and more conspicuously toothed, and the petals mre colour than in the summer or autumn-flowering erect state.

[have cultivated two of the forms intermediate between this plant and F. arvensis, which this neighbourhood furnishes, in both eases with the result of satisfying myself that they could not safely be separated as species from the plant just described.

The first was a plant of slender habit of growth, with the stem branched from the base. The lower leaves were rounded, but not fully heart-shaped below, sparingly and bluntly crenate, the upper leaves lanceolate, and narrowed gradually into the petiole. The lobes of the

Iyrate-pinnatifid stipules were all entire, the lateral ones acuminate; the =

14 . ON SOME OF THE BRITISH PANSIES,

SUEY It SE Sue eR A fs ee y Se ta id

terminal larger and subspathulate. The peduncles were about twice sili long as the leaves, and the sepals slightly shorter than the petals. The | petals were much smaller than in the plant already described, all yellow; | 5 and only the upper pair with a faint purplish tinge, the upper pair ob- . ovate and just overlapping at the base in the fully expanded flower, the — : middle pair narrower, deeper-coloured at the base, and standing forward — from the upper pair in the fully expanded flower, the lowest petal | broadly obovate and emarginate, deep yellow at the throat, and marked — with seven dark lines, sharply narrowed from the broadest part to the — base after a wedge-shaped manner, the spur slender, purplish, incurved, and rather longer than the calycine appendages. This plant, in the shape of its petals and the size of its flowers, occupies an intermediate — position between our ordinary cornfield arvensis and the plant already: : described. In the standing forward of the middle pair of petals, it re- — sembled the former, and its petals being larger than in arvensis, this = character was shown even more conspicuously. But the shape of the lowest petal was peculiar, and in the entire terminal lobe of the stipule - it receded from arvensis conspicuously. But after one year’s cultivation’ from seed in rich garden soil, it beeame much more robust in habit, | . with all the leaves broader, and the lower ones cordate at the base, the' | terminal lobe of the stipules became more leaf-like, and sometimes . slightly toothed, the sepals and petals both more luxuriant, and though 4 in some of the plants the petals were still all yellowish, in others thè upper pair took a distinctly marked purplish hue, whilst the middle pair lost their peculiar habit, and the lowest petal its peculiar me obovate aspect.

The second was a much branched plant, of exceedingly diffuse habit, | likethe other, oc in a cornfield in autumn. The stems and leaves were both more hairy than in the plant first described, the lowest leaves’ - ovate, and upper lanceolate and narrowed gradually below. The sti - pules were narrow, with all the lobes entire, the lower erecto-patent; — the terminal lobe elongated, and much larger than any of the others. - The peduncles were erecto-patent, often not much longer than the long linear-lanceolate upper leaves, and the sepals slightly shorter than the à petals. The petals were somewhat larger than in the plant last de- — scribed ; yellowish, or the upper pair slightly tinged with purple; the . upper pair broadly obovate, and overlapping for three-quarters of their — length, the lateral pair almost as large and as broad as the upper pair, -

ON SOME OF THE BRITISH PANSIES. 15

the lowest petal. deep. yellow, at the base, with 5-7 purplish streaks, obovate and emarginate, not more sharply narrowed below than in the plant first. described ; the spur straight, purplish, and exceeding the calycine appendages... This. plant was peculiar in its habit of growth, and differed notably from the plant first described in the shape of its leaves and the size and colour of its petals. It was referred doubtfully. by Professor Boreau to 7. peregrina, Jordan, and seems to me to agree exceedingly well with the description from authenticated specimens in the ‘ Flore du Centre’; but after one year's cultivation from seed in rich garden soil, the leaves became broader and shorter, and the lower ones rounded below, as in the plant first described; the stem became less hairy and less diffuse, the petals larger and more or less tinged with purple, and the upper pair decidedly purplish throughout.

An authenticated specimen, from Mr. E. Edwards, of V. Rothomagensis of T. F. Forster, in the ‘ Flora Tunbridgensis,’ does not differ notably from the plant. first described. The terminal lobe of the stipules. is elongated, more or less crenated, and conspicuously larger than the others, and the petals all more or less purplish and conspicuously longer than the sepals. The true plant of Rouen, it is perhaps hardly needful to say, is a very different plant, with a perennial root, much larger flowers, and stems and stipules as in V. lutea.

The ordinary 7. arvensis of the cornfields of this neighbourhood has strong, erect or suberect stems, usually branched from the crown of the root. The stems and leaves are more or less thickly covered with grey- ish pubescence ; the lower leaves elliptic or ovate-obtuse, or somewhat cordate below, bluntly toothed, and with the haft usually narrowed into the petiole; the upper leaves narrowly lanceolate, the stipules lyrate- pinnatifid, with entire, linear, erecto-patent, lateral lobes, and the ter- minal lobe large and leaf-like and conspicuously toothed ; lower pedun- cles fully twice as long as the leaves; sepals narrowed more suddenly | towards the apex than in the plant first described ; petals about as long as, or somewhat shorter than the sepals, all yellow, or the upper ones slightly tinged with lilac, upper pair obovate-oblong, erecto-patent, slightly overlapping, middle pair somewhat narrower and paler and standing forward, the lowest petal cuneate-obovate, emarginate, deep yellow at the throat and marked with five dark lines; spur tinged with purple, thick, blunt, as long as or slightly shorter than the calycine.

appendages. This was referred by Professor Boreau to V. contempta,

16 ON TRYBLIONELLA VICTORIZ AND DENTICULA SUBTILIS.

Jordan. I have not seen any specimens otherwise authenticated, but | upon comparing our plant with the descriptions in the ‘ Florexdu Centre,’ it seems to me to differ appreciably from contempta, as there dé- “scribed, in stipules, petals, and spur, and upon the whole to corre- spond better with Jordan's V. agrestis... I have not myself grown this plant from seed, but I have seen it under cultivation in the garden of - my neighbour Mr. T. J. Foggitt, and have been furnished by him with |

garden-grown examples. As grown by him in rich garden soil, the

leaves became much more luxuriant, and the terminal lobe of the sti- —

pules became more leaf-like than in the wild plant, whilst the arvensis character of flower was retained, the sepals being now conspicuously | longer than the petals, and the spur still about equalling the a appendages.

It is much to be wished that some of our British botanists ake e gardens would take a little trouble to grow cornfield Pansies from seed, and give us the benefit of their experiences. . It is principally witha wish to suggest the doing of this that I have written out these notes. -

ee

TT

ON TRYBLIONELLA VICTORLE AND DENTICULA SUB- |

TILIS, TWO SPECIES OF BRITISH DIATOMACE. By W. CannuTHERS, Eso., F.L.S.

My attention was called to Dr. Grunnow’s paper on the family Nitzschiew by a notice of it in the ‘ Bonplandia ’ for 1862, page 270, where it is stated that he described a new species, Tr: yhlionella Victorie, which he had collected. on the leaves of Victoria regia in Kew Gar- dens. He was of opinion that it was not indigenous, but probably brought with the plant on which he found it from South America.

By the help of Dr. Seemann, I obtained from Dr. Grunnow a copy of his plate containing the figure of this Trybdlionella, along with manuscript notes of the characters distinguishing it from. the species... I have since (January 2nd, 1863) collected specimens in the Victoria tank at Kew, which I found on the leaves of Pistia Stratiotes,

the great Lily having entirely disappeared during the winter season; Dr.

indeed the principal tank was empty of water and everything.

Walker-Arnott had already informed me, on the authority of Sir W. ji

eon

ON TRYBLIONELLA VICTORIZ AND DENTICULA SUBTILIS. 17

Hooker, that the species of Diatomacee found on the Victoria could not have been brought from South America with that plant, for nothing but the seed had been imported originally or since,—no roots, no plants, no earth, no water. Besides, I find it associated with well-known* British forms, so that it must be held as truly indigenous to this country.