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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE.
Epirorn: EDWARD S. DANA.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Proressorss GEORGE L. GOODALE, JOHN TROWBRIDGE, W. G. FARLOW anp WM. M. DAVIS, or Camsringe,
Proressorss ADDISON E. VERRILL, HORACE L. WELLS, L. V. PIRSSON anp H. E. GREGORY, or New Haven,
Proressor GEORGE F. BARKER, or PHILADELPHL, Proressor HENRY S. WILLIAMS, or ItHaca, Proressor JOSEPH S. AMES, or Battimore, Mr. J. S. DILLER, or Wasuineron.
FOURTH SERIES
VOL. XX VITI—[W HOLE NUMBER, CLXXVIII.]
WITH TWO PLATES.
NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT.
MS MONS! ¢
2OASAS
Py ei
bY J £ ™ w a ; =e f a, Lae "4 :
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\ tee, 5
A t ‘ f p J x a 4 . j, f 3 i i ; 2 i = A y 1 f b i \ d ‘L
os i be mL P aaa a ars ; r j ae j u 4 um ene 1 e ; » f ae a I ' is 5 * b . bi i th i yoni dd
THE TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & ti ord NEW HAVEN. —
CONTENTS TO VOLUME XXVIII.
INGUREY oo Sao.
Art. I.—On the Magnetic Properties at High Excitations of a Remarkably Pure Specimen of Soft Norway Iron; by LS. (Ub UEAMGKONDIES Si Sege DNSip gmp aeate 9c Ca ir os eo ent Bee II.—Notes on some Rocks from the Sawtooth Range of the Olympic Mountains, Washington ; by R. ARNoLD~..--- Il].—Analysis of the Mineral Neptunite from San Benito Seanty. Caliearmias by W. M. BRADLEY... 4. 205-02) . 1V.—Turtles from Upper Harrison Beds; by F. B. Loomis. - we Pyrosenetic Npidote ; by B.S. Burter ...-.-.. -.-- -- VI.—Gravimetric Determination of Free Iodine by Action of Metallic Silver; by F. A. Goocu and C. C. Perkins... Vil.—Pyromorphite from British Columbia, Canada ; by O. OMNIS pers seers LS Ue Ee ee See VIIIl.—Application of the Term Laramie; by A. C. Peatz- 1X.—Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Starfishes from North Pacific Coast of America; by A. HK. VeRrRIL1 X.—Rare Rock Type from the Monteregian Hills, Canada ; Renmei rss. sho ee Le Pe Cra a oe
SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
Page
9 15 17 27 30
40 45
ae
Chemistry andPhysics—Cuprous Sulphate, A. Recoura : Action of Hydrogen Antimonide upon Dilute Silver Solutions, H. RECKLEBEN, 74.—Separation of Antimony and Tin, G. Panoyotow: Purification of Sulphuric Acid by Freezing, ee aa 7o.—Heat of Formation and Stability of Lead and Silver Compounds, A. Cotson: Refraction of Réntgen Rays, B. WALTER and i. POL : Polarization of Rontgen Rays, J. HeRweEe : Absorption of the
y-Rays of Radium a Lead, Y. TA OMIKOSKI, 76.—Use of Zine Sulphate in the Braun Tube, _GIESEL and J. ZENNECK, 77.—Luftelektrizitat, A. GocKEL: La ee Radiante ei Raggi Magnetici, JN, desGasiil S Textbook of Sound, E. H. Barton, 77.—Applied Mechanics for Engineers, E. L. Hancock: Absorption Spectra of Solutions, H. C. Jones and J. A. ANDERSON, 78.—Electricity, Sound and Light, R. A. Mituixan and J. Mitts: Kinfthrung in die Elektrotechnik, C. Hrmnke: La Machine a
Influence, son Evolution, sa Théorie, V. SCHAFFERS, 79.
Geology and Natural History— Publications of the United States Geological Survey, G. O. SmitH: Geological Survey of Canada, R. W. Brock, 80.— Geological Survey of Western Australia, H. P. Woopwarp: New Zealand Geological Survey Department: Mineral Survey of Ceylon, 81.—Mineral Resources of Virginia, T. L. Watson: Minerals of Arizona: Das Salz, dessen Vorkommen und Verwertung in Samtlichen Staaten der Erde, 82.—Brief Notices of some Recently Described Minerals; 883.—Guide dans la Collec- tion des Météorites avec le Catalogue des Chutes représentées au Museum : Mendel’s Principles of Heredity, 84.—Contributions from the Gray Herba-
rium of Harvard University : Elemente der exakten Erblichkeitslehre,
80.
Miscellaneous Scientific Intelligence—Publications of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 86.—Hypsometry: Precise Leveling in the United States, 1903-1907: Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution :
Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences: Report of
Pro-
ceedings of the American Mining Congress: Publication of the Works of Amedeo Avogadro, 87.—Proposed Publication of the Works of Leonhard Kuler: Prizes offered by the Austrian Society of Engineers and Architects: Psycho-Biologie et Energetique, Essai sur un Principe des Méthodes intui- tives de Calcul: Die Einheit des physikalischen Weltbildes: Phrenology
or the Doctrine of the Mental Phenomena, 88.
lv CONTENTS.
Number 164.
Page Arr. XI.—Electric Arc between Metallic Electrodes ; by W.G. Capy and G. W. VINAL.-__ 127 ae 89
XII.—Heat of Formation of Trisodium Orthophosphate, Trisodium Orthoarsenate, the Oxides of Antimony, Bis- muth Trioxide; and fourth paper on the Heat of Com- bination of Acidic Oxides with Sodium Oxide: bx W. G. Mixter 2.002. 22 S2e2 eae 2a. 2. 2 Sr
XITI.—Quantitative Precipitation of Tellurium Dioxide and its Application to the Separation of Tellurium from Selenium ; by P. E. Brownine and W. R. Furr ____- 112
XIV.—Coloration in Peroxidized Titanium Solutions, with Special Reference to the Colorimetric Methods of Esti-
mating Titanium and Fluorine ; by H. E. Merwin.__- 119 XV.—New Fossil Coleoptera from Florissant; by H: F. WICKHAM ©2252. 2502 Se Ae ial 126 XVI.—Lighthouse Granite near New Haven, Connecticut ; by F. Warp 220.225.222.072 Se 131 XVII.—Silurian Section at Arisaig, Nova Scotia; by W. H. “TWENHOFEL -. 222. 2200222222004 0 ee XVIII.—Fish Fauna of the Albert Shales of New Bruns- wick; by. L, M. Lampn (22 2.2.22 25) 165 XIX. Stan Dust on the Benes Sea Ice Floes; by ~ E.:M. Kinpun._....2 2.22 82255522 175
XX.—Modification of Lavoisier and Laplace’s Method of Determining the Linear Coefficient of Expansion; by
S: BR. WiiiaMs 2.3.0 22 ee ee eee 180 XXI.—New Proboscidean from the Lower Miocene of Nebraska; by H. J. Cook ..... ...._ 22) 2223
XXII.—Mineral Notes from the Mineralogical Laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University ; by W. E. Forp, F. Warp and J. lL. Pogue esa 185
SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
Geology—Tidal and Other Problems; Contributions to Cosmogony and the Fundamental Problems of Geology, T. CO. CHamBEruin, ete., 188.— Second Appendix to the Sixth Edition of Dana’s System of Mineralogy, E. S. Dana and W. E. Forp: Sketch of the Mineral Resources of India, T. H. Hottanp: Igneous Rocks: Composition, Texture and Classification, Description and Oceurrence, J. P. Ippines, 196.
Obituary—Simon Newcome, 196.
. CONTENTS. Vv
IN GH ber: L65:
d Page Arr. XXIII.—Physiography of the Central Andes: I. mie Maritime Andes’: by I. BowMAN - 2.22.22. 2/38. 197
XXIV.—Geology and Structure of the Ancient Vol- eanic Rocks of Davidson County, North Carolina, by Mere inh ima = 2 cS eR EEE 218
XXV.—Electric Arc between Metallic Electrodes; by Pecan enoy: ob hird: paper) 2: 2 ob bo eae 239
XXVI.—Initial Velocities of the Electrons Produced beetilsra- Violet Lisht ; by A.W. Hur. 22-2222) 0222 Dont
XXVII.—New Declination Instrument ; by C. C. Hurcuins 260
XXVIUI.-—Relation between the Refractive Index and the Density of some Crystallized Silicates and Their (2 SEREGS ETD E RS ae DP. SD ae a a RR cp 263
XXIX.—Note on the Miocene Drum _ Fish—Pogonias meemacntatus (Cope); by B..SmMirins.2. 22.2222... 22 275
XXX.—Description of ‘Tertiary Insects, VIL; by T. ere OCRE NE i es ee see a a 283
XXXI.—Method for the Iodometric Determination of Silver Based upon the Reducing Action of Potassium mee oy bt. BOSWORTH. 22242 0:. 22... 52222242: 287
SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
Obituary—Si1mon Newcome, 290; SAMUEL WILLIAM JOHNSON, 292.
al CONTENTS.
Number 166.
Page Arr. XXXIL.—Binary Systems of Alumina with Silica, Lime and Magnesia; by E. 8S. SHepHerpD and G, A. Rankin. With Optical Study, by F. E. Wricar __--- 293
XX XIII.—Specific Heats of Silicates and Platinum ; by W.
P. WHITE 3... 2b eal eo) i ere XXXIV.—Complexity of Tellurium; by P. E. Brownine and W.R. FLINT 9222 02.222 ee 847
XXXV.—Arizonite, Ferric Metatitanate; by C. Patmer_.. 353 XXXVI.—Retardation of Alpha Rays by Metals and Gases;
by T.S: Tayvnor 220. ..25 2.85 24 22 er 857 XXXVII.—Physiography of the Central Andes: IL The Eastern Andes; by I. Bowman ____.__2_2....255 ees
XXX ViIL—New Species of Teleoceras from the Miocene of Nebraska; by IT. F. OQtcotr .__...-..-.. 2 408
SAME NVGILLbANM JOHNSON@Eo 0. 5 20a eee
SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
Chemistry and Physics—New Method for the Determination of Iodides and Free Iodine, BuGArsKy and HovratH : Chemical Action of the Penetrat- ing Rays of Radium upon Water, M. Kernpaum, 408.—Decomposition of Water by Ultra-violet Rays, M. KernBAum: Radio-activity of Potassium Salts, Henriot and Vavon : Cementation of Iron by Charcoal ina Vacuum, GUILLET and GriFFITHS, 409.
Geology— Devonian Faunas of the Northern Shan States, F. R. CowPrEr ReEpD: Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, C. W. GILMORE, 410.—Systematic relationships of certain American Arthrodires, L. Hus- SAKOF: Revision of the Entelodontide, O. A. PETERSON: New Species of Procamelus from the Upper Miocene of Montana, E. DoucLass: Notes on the fossil mammalian genus Ptilodus with descriptions of new species, J. W. Giputey, 411.—Descriptions of two new species of Pleistocene ruminants of the genera Ovibos and Boétherium, J. W. GipLey, 412.
Miscellaneous Scientific Intelligence—British Association for the Advance- ment of Science: Hinftthrung in eine Philosophie des Geisteslebens, R. Kucxken, 412.
CONTENTS. vil
Number 167. Page Art. XX XIX.—Vesuvius: Characteristics and Phenomena of the present Repose-period ; by F. A. PErrer. With Peeper tte ee > emerge, Oe ro a
XL.—Great Nevada Meteor of 1894; by W. P. JENNEY..__ 431
XLI.—Phenomena of the Electrolytic Decomposition of Hydrochloric Acid ; by F. A. Goocu and F. L. Gatss.. 435
XLII.—Eocene Fossils from Green River, Wyoming; by Beer COCKE E a5 2 sa ee SL AAG
XLII.—Note on the Occurrence of an Interesting Pegma- tite in the Granite of Quincy, Mass.; by C. H. Warren 449
XLIV.—Melting Point Determination ; by W. P. WuirE_- 453 XLV.—Melting Point Methods at High Temperatures ; by Ns EP UNTESTED 1s cE Tae es we ge ee 474
XLVI.— Existence of Teeth and of a Lantern in the Genus Echinonéus Van Phels; by A. Acassiz. With Plate II 490
SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
Chemistry and Physics—Separation of Titanium, Niobium and Tantalum, L. Wetss and M. LANDECKER, 493.—Electrical Discharges from Radium Ema- nation, DEBIERNE: Outlines of Chemistry, L. Kantenprere, 494.—The Fundamental Principles of Chemistry, W. Ostwatp: Elementary Modern Chemistry. W. OstwaLp and H. W. Morse: Resistance due to Obliquely Moving Waves, etc., LorD RAYLEIGH, 495.—Excitement of Positive Rays by Ultra-violet Light, H. DemBer: Electricity excited by the Fall of Mercury through gases upon the surfaces of metals, A. BECKER: Viscosity of Gases, Gy. ZEMPLEN, 496.
Geology—Geology of the Queenstown Subdivision, J. ParKx, 497.—West Vir- ginia Geological Survey, I. C. Wurre, 498.—Geological Survey of New Jersey, H. B. KtmMe c: Relations between local magnetic disturbances and the genesis of Petroleum, G. F. BeckEr, 499.—Production of Coal in 1908 : Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle Eocene, W. D. MatrHew: Pliocene Fauna from Western Nebraska, W. D. MaTrHew and H. J. Coox, 500.—Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, L. M. Lampe: Commissdo de estudos das Minas de Carvao de Pedra do Brazil, J. H. MacGrecor: Skull and Dentition of an extinct Cat closely allied to Felix atrox Leidy, J. C. MerrR1IAm: Teratornis, a new Avian Genus from Rancho la Brea, L. H. MILurr, 501.—Igneous Rocks ; Composition, Texture and Classification, J. P. Ipp1nes, 502.—Natural History of Igneous Rocks, A. HARKER, 505.—Journeys through Korea, B. Koro, 504.
Miscellaneous Scientific Intelligence— Darwin and Modern Science, 505.—Zoo- cécidies des Plantes d’Europe et du Bassin de la Mediterranée, C. Houarp: Autogamie bei.Protisten und ihre Bedeutung fir das Befruchtungsprob- lem, M. Hartmann: Observations Méridiennes, F. Boguet, 506.—Ostwald’s Klassiker der Exakten Wissenschaften : Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Pha- leenz in the British Museum: Les Prix Nobel en 1906, 507.
Obituary—Dr. JOSEPH FREDERICK WHITEAVES: HuGH FLETCHER : Dr. ANTON Dourn, 508.
Vill CONTENTS.
Number 168
Page Arr. XLVII.— Ordovician and Silurian Formations in Alex- ander County, Illinois; by IT. BH. SAVAGE 5222 3ae eee 509 XLVIII.—Section at Cape Thompson, Alaska; by EH. M. KINDLE... 22.2.2. ee elo. ee 520 XLIX.—New Method of Measuring Light Efficiency ; by C.C, dIGTCHINS 5220 2925. 529 L.—Three New Fossil Insects from Florissant, Colorado; by S.A. RoWWER. 1.22. .2- oe sl ee 533 LI.—Connellite and Chalcophyllite from Bisbee, Arizona; by C.-PavacHE and H. EH. Merwin 22. 0.222.433 oi LII.— Optical Properties of Hastingsite from Dungannon, Hastings County, Ontario; by R. P. D. GrawAm.__-__- 540 LUI.—Electrolytic Determination of Chlorine in Hydro- chloric Acid with the Use of the Silver Anode; by F. A. Gooca and .H. L. Reap __...i.2221...... 2
SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
Chemistry and Physics—Boiling Points of Metals, H. C. GREENWOOD : Sodium Alum, W. R. SmirH, 553.—The Elements of Metallography, Dr. R. Ruger: Outlines of Chemistry with Practical Work, H. J. H. FENTON: An Elementary Treatise on Qualitative Chemical Analysis, J. F. SELLERS ; A Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis, J. F. McGrecory: The Periodic Law, A. E. GARRETT, 504.—A Text-Book of Physical Chemistry, Theory and Practice, A. W. Ewetut: A Text-Book of Physiological Chem- istry, J. H. Lona: Positive Rays. W. Wien: Apparent fusion of Carbon in the Singing Are and in Sparks, M. La Rosa.—Determination of ¢/m, K. Wouz: Spectroscopie Astronomique, P. SALET: Text-Book of Physies, A. W. Durr, 556.—General Physics : Mechanics and Heat, J. A. CULLER, D907.
Geology—Publications of the United States Geological Survey, G. O. SMITH, 507.—Indiana, Department of Geology and Natural Resources; Thirty- Third Annual Report, W. 5S. BuatcHtEy: Colorado Geological Survey, R. D. Georce: Geological Survey of Michigan, A. C. Lanz, 559.—Illinois Geological State Survey, H. F. Barns: History, Geology and Statistics of the Oklahoma Oil and Gas Fields, E. R. Perry and L. L. Hurcnison : Les Variations Periodiques des Glaciers, XIII Rapport, 1907, Ep. Bruck- NER et E. Murer, 560.—Hand Book for Field Geologists, C. W. Hayus : Crinoids of Teunessee, EK. Woop: Dendroid Graptolites of the Niagaran dolomites at Hamilton, Ont., R. S. Basster, 561.—Carboniferous fauna from Nowaja Semlja, G. W. Lex: Vorliufige Mitteilung tber das genus Pseudolingula, A, Mickwirz, 562.—Clay-Working Industry in the United States, H. ‘Rres and H. Letcuton: Elements of Mineralogy, Crystallogeaeay and Blowpipe Analysis, A. J. Moses and C. L. Parsons, 563,
Miscellaneous Scientific Inielligence—National Academy of Sciences, 563.— Carnegie Institution of Washington, 564.—Harvard College Observatory, E. C. PickertnG: Allegheny Observatory of the University of Pittsburgh: Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences : The Story of the Comets, G. F. CHAMBERS: Mars et ses Canaux; Les Conditions de vie, LoweLL-Moyen, 565.—Manual for Engineers, C. EH. Frrris: Wood Turning, G. A. Ross; Sir Joseph Banks, ‘‘ The Father of Australia,” J. H. MAIDEN: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 566.
INDEX, 567.
VOL. XXVIII. JULY, 1909.
| ‘Established by BENJAMIN SILLIMAN in 1818.
THE AMERICAN | JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. |
Epirorn: EDWARD §. DANA.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Proressors GEORGE L. GOODALE, JOHN TROWBRIDGE, W. G. FARLOW anp WM. M. DAVIS, or Camarwcz,
PROFESSORS ADDISON E. VERRIUL, HORACE L. WELLS, L. V. PIRSSON anp H. E. GR IGORY, or New Haven,
| | : | | Proressor GEORGE F. BAKER, or ae _ Prorusson HENRY S. WILLIAMS, or Iruaca, _ Proresson JOSEPH S. 1MES, or Barrmorz, Mr. J. S. DILLER, or Wasuineton. . '
FOURTH SERIES VOL, XXVIII-! WHOLE NUMBER, CLXXVIII_]
No. 163—JULY, 1909.
NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT.
190-9..
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IMPORTANT NEWS
We have secured a collection of exceptionally fine minerals collected by an American professor of national repute ; it is beyond doubt the finest col-
lection we have yet handled. It consists of eight large cases of minerals all
of which are fine. Lists are in preparation and will be sent only on appli- cation.
A REMARKABLE CERUSSITE
We have on exhibition the largest and finest twin Cerussite in the world. All its planes are finely developed. The crystals measure 7 inches in length, 344 inches in width, and is 14 inch in thickness. The erystal is transparent, and its structure is beautifully displayed. Photo and partic- ulars on application.
A WONDERFUL SPECIMEN OF GOLD
We have secured from the owners a wonderful specimen of gold, from a Nevada mine. It is 314 x 234 x21¢ inches in size and shows a solid vein of gold 1 inch in thickness all the way through the specimen. It is beyond doubt the richest specimen for its size in the world. It weighs 2024 ounces. The matrix itself is a rich ore of gold. One side of ees is polished. Price $500.00.
AN INTERESTING COLLECTION OF SEMI- PRECIOUS STONES
We secured from a bankrupt sale of a well-known eastern concern whose specialty was the cutting and polishing of stones for mineralogists a unique lot of cut semi-precious stones of unusual beauty and rarity. They must be seen to be appreciated. They have been priced so low that
the prices do not tell the tale. We name a‘few below; they run from-
50c. to $2.50 each: unycite, perthite, aventurine, greentrap cinnabar, thulite, Sunstone, moonstone, amazonstone, chrysoprase, green chalcedony, sodalite. labradorite, malachite, azurite, jade, turquoise, ruby matrix, emerald matrix, rose quartz, lapis-lazuli, jasper, agate, moss agate, carnelian, moss- opal, bloodstone, thomsonite, chlorastrolite, dumortierite, dioptase, the latest, from Congo, at, $1.50 per e., and all other known semi-precious stones.
IMPORTANT NOTICE
It has been usual for the past four years to offer special inducements to visit us during the summer months. In order to do this, with little expense to yourself, we offer you a 10 per cent discount on rare and polished minerals and cut gems and 20 per cent on ordinary mineral specimens. This enables you to pay your traveling expense with the discount on your bill. If you are unable to visit us and see our wonderful display, write us what you are interested in, and we will send you a box on approval. We prefer to be busy, even if we have to divide our profit with you. Do nct delay, but write or call on us at once.
If you have not yet received our new 12-page mineral and 10-page gem circulars, write us and we will send them at once,
Agr. PEPE REV, 81—83 Fulton Street, New York City.
THE
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
PRO UR Tit sk RIES .:]
+o
Arr. 1—On the Magnetic Properties at High Kxcitations of a Remarkably Pure Specimen of Soft Norway Lron ; by B. Oseoop Prtxce.
SomE mouths ago an electro-magnet was made for special use in the Jefferson Laboratory which had the form of a toroid uniformly wound with insulated wire for nineteen-twentieths of its perimeter. The core was of stout iron rod bent into the shape of a ring—complete except for a gap one centimeter wide. The mean diameter of the core was about fifty centi- meters and a meridian section of the iron had an area of about twenty square centimeters. The exciting coil was made of about thirty kilograms of No. 10 B. & 8. wire and the magnet had the general appearance indicated by figure 1, although the turns of wire which show im the photograph belong to a short test coil outside the winding proper.
It is evident that, under the most favorable circumstances, the leakage in the case of a magnet of these dimensions must be very large, but when this magnet was tried its performance fell so far below what, according to any known experience, it ought to have been, that it was thought best to have the iron tested both chemically and magnetically in the hope that the information thus procured might prove valuable in future designing. This seemed the more desirable since the core had been obtained by Professor Trowbridge, the Director of the Laboratory, in response to his inquiry for the very best brand of soft Norway iron to be had in the market. |
The chemical analysis made by Mr. Emile Raymond Riegel showed this commercial iron to be of an extraordinary purity. The tests for nickel, cobalt, manganese, tungsten, and for “Groups IV and V” were all negative. There was less than 0°03 per cent of carbon, less than 0°047 per cent of phos-
Am. Jour. Sci.—FourtH Srerins, VoL. XXVIII, No. 163.—Juny, 1909. 1
2 Peirce—Magnetic Properties at High Kxcitations.
phorus, less than 0°03 per cent of silicon, and less than 0:003 . per cent of sulphur. The iron dissolved ‘violently in shghtly diluted HNO,, and when the residue had been dissolved for carbon, a mere discoloration of the beaker remained.
There was nothing, therefore, in the composition of the iron core to account for the comparative uselessness of the magnet.
Hires ae
The response of this remarkable iron to magnetic excitation was equally satisfactory, and the present report describes briefly determinations of the permeabilities of two pieces of it under very strong magnetizing fields. The work was done by Mr. John Coulson and myself, and was extremely troublesome because only a short stout piece of the iron used in making the core was available. From this a rod 1:26 centimeters in diameter and about 30 centimeters long was turned by Mr.
Peirce—Magnetic Properties at High Excitations. 3
G. W. Thompson, the mechanician of the Jefferson Labora- tory, and this rod was tested in various ways in the yoke rep-
Bigs 2:
resented in figure 2. Jaws of various shapes were tried and different ways of making the joints between the jaws and
4. Peirce—Magnetic Properties at High Excitations.
the test piece. Usually under strong magnetic excitation, between the jaws of the yoke, there was a sensible leakage of lines of induction through the surface of the specimen into the wir, and the field in the air about the rod was far from uniform in any available portion. We found eventually, however, that if a piece of the rod of about 80 millimeters free length, with tapered ends, was inserted into holes in the ends of the conical jaws represented in figure 3, the lines of force in the air just about the specimen near its center were for a considerable distance practically parallel to the axis of the rod and that the value of /7 in the air in this region was sensibly equal to the value of the same quantity in the rod.
Fie. 3.
After a specimen of this standard length had been accurately fitted to the jaws by Mr. Thompson, the central portion of the iron rod was given a very thin coat of shellac varnish and two test coils, each consisting of twenty turns of very fine well insulated wire, were wound side by side in a single layer over the rod and these extended over rather more than a centimeter of the length of the specimen near its center. These coils were first tested against each other to find out whether they were practically alike, and then—if this condition was satisfied—both together in series formed the inner test coil (K). The outer test coil (L) was wound in a single layer on a very thin shell of boxwood which had eae seasoning for many years. After corrections had been made for the thickness of the wire of the test coils and of its insulation, it was possible .to com- pute from the measured change of induction flux through
Peirce—Magnetic Properties at igh Excitations. 5
_K and L due to a reversal of the current in the exciting cireuit of the yoke, corresponding values of 7 and B.
The ballistic galvanometer used in this work had a period so long that no appreciable error was caused by the fact that several seconds were necessary to bring about a complete reversal of magnetization in the magnetic circuit. The gal- vanometer has been described under the letter V, in the Pro- - ceedings of the American Academy of Sciences in December of last year.
The test coils were wound by Mr. Coulson, who has helped
in all thé work. _ The iron of which the magnet core described above was made is here denoted by the letter P, while Q denotes a similar very pure specimen of Norway iron obtained from a new source.
Taste I.—Specimen of Norway Iron (P) Magnetized in Massive
Yoke.
(Free length about 80 millimeters, diameter 12°67 millimeters.) H B I 150 19160 1513 200 19920 1566 300 21040 1650 400 21660 1692 500 21920 1705 600 22130 1713 .700 22300 1720 800 22450 1723
1000 22720 1729 1200 22940 1730 1400 23180 1781 1600 23380 17382 2000 23780 17338 2500 24280 1733
The maximum value of / seems to be in the vicinity of 1733, and for large values of the excitation corresponding values of H and B may be computed by means of the equa- mionris—— 7 21780.
This record shows conclusively that the magnetic perme- ability of this iron under strong excitation is extraordinarily high and that the failure of the magnet mentioned at the beginning of this report was not due to poor material in the core. The real source of the difficulty is disclosed by an examination of the diagram shown in figure 4. This was obtained by sprinkling iron filings upon a horizontal piece of cardboard which rested on the toroid as it lay upon the floor
¢
+ °
6 Peirce—Magnetic Properties at High Hacitations.
and earried a heavy current. Although the cardboard was not favorably placed, there are evidences that at least ten con- sequent poles were created between the ends of the core when it was strongly excited. When the exciting current was reversed these poles changed sign, but in many places outside the exciting coil the direction of the field was always opposed to what it would be if these consequent poles did not exist. This core has been annealed as well as the maker could do
lene, 2!
WW ey fe ode
22 SEE SERRE NII Ses S \ j A = S WY LZ, Zi
if
BSS Ss
~S == SSS S 5 ~ : = = es = ye, SL tf BZ — SS hy
it, after it had been bent into shape, but the process demands great skill and, as is well known, soft Norway iron is very likely to acquire slight differences of temper due to unequal heating in the forge fire.
Table II exhibits the results of some observations made- upon a half-inch rod of Norway iron (R), when magnetized in a uniformly wound solenoid. The rod was about ten feet
Peirce—Magnetice Properties at High Excitations. 7
long. When it was purchased this iron was very soft as is shown by the numbers in the second column, which give the values of the induction (4) corresponding to the values of in the first column. When, however, the rod had been again subjected by Mr. Thompson to an elaborate annealing process, its permeability had been somewhat increased as appears from the values of #& exhibited in the third column.
TasLe I].—WNorway Iron Rod (hk) Magnetized in the Long
Solenoid. (Length about 300 centimeters, diameter 12°67 millimeters.) vee B B
(Before the iron had (After the rod had
been annealed.) been annealed.) 9) 12400 12560 10 14800 14940 14 15460 15540 20 15960 16040 30 16400 16520 40 16650 16920 50 16920 17220 60 17180 17450 70 17400 17630 80 17600 _ 17820 100 17940 18210
Specimen Q, like specimen P, was cut from a bar of the best Norway iron two inches in diameter, but the two bars came from different dealers. These irons seem to be nearly alike in temper and in composition.
Taste II]—Specimen of Norway Iron (@Q) Magnetized in Massive Yoke.
(Free length about 80 millimeters, diameter 12°67 millimeters.)
ED B /E 300 20530 1610 400 21110 1648 600 22020 1704 700 22300 Ie) 800 22510 1728 1000 22800 1735 1200 23020 1737 1400 23240 1738 1650 24240 1738 2000 23840 1738
2400 23490 1738
8 Peirce— Magnetic Properties at High Excitations.
From H=1100 up to /7=2450, the observed values of 7 differ on the average from their mean by about one-sixth of one per cent only.
For high excitations, corresponding values of 7 and B may be obtained from the equation B= H+ 21840.
Table IV shows the results of some determinations of the maximum value of / made upon an isthmus piece of the iron P after it had been subjected to an annealing process lasting about 48 hours and was therefore extremely soft.
TasLe 1V.—Specially Annealed Isthmus Piece of Norway Iron (2). (Cross section of isthmus 0°2050 square centimeters; mean area of inner
test coil 0°2230 square centimeters ; mean area of outer test coil 0:5020 square centimeters. )
Exciting Current A B I 1°00 5920 28580 1799 4°07 12370 34900 1794 5'58 13720 36210 1790 9°90 16000 38530 : 1793 23°00 18130 40780 1802 31°00 18810 41400 1797
For a current of about 55 amperes a value B—42200 was reached but the current fell so rapidly that HZ could not be accurately determined. In this case the excitation was upwards of 160,000 ampere-turns.
It is interesting to compare this remarkable value for the maximum intensity of magnetization with that obtained for a specimen of the iron R, after it had been thoroughly annealed.
Taste V.—Annealed Norway Iron (fh) in Massive Yoke.
(Free length about 80 millimeters.)
H B If 800 22770 1748 900 22880 1749 1000 23000 1750 1500 23500 1751. 1800 23810 1751 2000 24010 1751 2350 24360 1751
The Jefferson Laboratory, Cambridge, Mass.
R. Arnold—Rocks from the Sawtooth Range. 9
Arr. II—Wotes on some Rocks from the Sawtooth Range of the Olympic Mountains, Washington;* by Raipx ARNOLD.
Prosasty less is known about the geology of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, than of any other equal and important area in the United States.t For that reason the writer was particularly interested in a small collection of rocks from one of the important but little known ranges of this great moun- tain group, recently received from Mr. I’. H. Stanard, Seattle, Washington. The following paper is based upon the examina- tion of these rocks supplemented by brief field notes supplied by Mr. Stanard. The writer is indebted to Dr. Albert Johnannsen, United States Geological Survey, for assistance in the petrographic determinations.
Location.
The Sawtooth Range is a narrow, pinnacled ridge about 15 miles in length, extending in a southwest-northeast direction in the southeastern part of the Olympics 45 miles due west of Seattle. Mt. Skokomish, elevation 6500 feet, in Sec. 3, T. 24 N., R. 5 W., and Mt. Henderson, a mile farther northeast, are the highest points in the range and are located between one- third and one-half the distance from the southwest to the northeast end. The southern end of the Sawtooth Range is 6 miles in an air line from Lake Cushman, but by trail is at least twice as far. Some of the rocks discussed come from near what is known as Camp Black and Whitet in Sec. 7, T. 24 N., R. 5 W., midway between the crest of the south end of the range and Box Canyon, through which flows the North Fork of the Skokomish River. Still others come from Smith’s
* Published with the permission of the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.
+ The following are the most important articles so far published concern- ing the region: S. C. Gilman, The Olympic Country, Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. vii, pp. 133-140, pl. 16, 1896 ; Arthur Dodwell and Theodore F. Rixon, Forest Conditions in the Olympic Forest Reserve, Washington, Prof. Paper, U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 7, 100 pages, 20 plates, 1 map, 1902; H.S. Conard, The Olympic Peninsula, Washington, Science, N.S., vol. xxi, No. 532, March 10, 1905, pp. 392-393; Ralph Arnold, Geological Reconnaissance of the coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XVii, pp. 401-468, pls. 55-58, Sept. 1906; Chas. E. Weaver, Notes on the Bedrock Geology of the Olympic Peninsula, The Mountaineer, vol. i, No. 3, Sept. 1907, pp. 57-64, 1 plate, Seattle, Wash.
¢ It is always interesting to know the derivation of place names, and in this connection Mr. Stanard furnishes the following note concerning the origin of ‘‘Camp Black and.White”: ‘‘This camp was named by some of the early elk hunters from a brand of whiskey of that name, one of the party being sober enough at one period of their sojourn at this place to mark the name prominently on u tree.”
10 Lt. Arnold—Locks from the Sawtooth Range.
Camp between 1 and 2 miles southeast of Camp Black and White, and a few others from the region adjoining the camps.
General Geology.
According to Mr. Stanard, the crest of the southwest end of the ridge is composed of a coarse conglomerate striking parallel with the range. The conglomerate has been subjected to severe crushing and faulting, and quartz veins are not uncom- mon init. The rest of the country rock consists of alternating hard sandstone, shale and slate, striking north and south and usu- ally standing vertical. These rocks have been much fractured and faulted and intruded by dikes of basic igneous rocks which locally have produced garnetiferous and other schists. Quartz veins carrying copper ores in commercial quantities occur along the contact between some of these igneous dikes and the intruded sedimentaries. The rocks adjacent to the veins are also usually more or less mineralized. The age of the rocks is unknown, but they may be a part of the series of conglomerate, quartzite, ‘diabase and serpentine that is exposed on the coast between Cape Flattery and Grays Harbor at the western end of the Olympies, and which has been described by the writer* as of supposed pre-Cretaceous age. The occurrence of these similar series of rocks at both the eastern and western ends of the Olympics leads to the conclusion that the older formations, at least, are dominated by east and west strikes, and, therefore, that the Olympic Mountains, geologically speaking, must be considered as an east-west range instead of a quaquaversal.
Sedimentary Rocks.
The country rock of the northwestern flank of the Sawtooth Range consists of hard semi-metamorphosed sandstone and shale occurring in alternating beds from a few inches to many feet in thickness. These rocks stand practically vertical and have in general a north and south or northeast-southwest strike.
The sandstone, which might properly be called indurated arkose but hardly a quartzite, is fine-grained and in color dark gray, and fractures with a rough surface. The rock is trav- ersed by at least one system of parallel joint planes, in addition to cleavage parallel to the bedding. Numerous small mica flakes glisten on the surface in reflected light. In thin slides the rock is seen to consist very largely of cherty quartz grains, a little plagioclase feldspar and numerous flakes of brown and white mica, mostly the latter.
The hardened shale, or slate, as it is more commonly called, is nearly black, cleaves quite easily and exhibits iridescent
* Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. xvii, p. 469.
PR. Arnold— Rocks from the Sawtooth Lange. idol
films, probably of manganese oxide, on the cleavage surfaces. A small fragment of a fossil resembling Dentalium was noticed in one specimen of slate and indicates the marine origin of the formation.
Metamorphosed Sedimentary Locks.
The metamorphosed sedimentary rocks consist of garnetit- erous amphibolite schist, black schist, chert and jasper. They are confined to narrow zones adjacent to the igneous intru- sions, and are probably of contact origin.
The garnetiferous amphibolite schist occurs intermittently near the igneous dikes and is believed to represent a more advanced stage of metamorphism than the black schists more commonly associated with the igneous rocks of the region. The garnetiferous rock is ight greenish to drab in color, shows the planes of schistosity distinctly and fractures with an undulating surface parallel with the cleavage and with knife- like edges in other directions. The specimen examined contains numerous small pyrite crystals, mostly arranged in thin layers parallel with the planes of schistosity ; small gar- nets, though present, are not a common constituent of the schist. Judging by the general appearance of the specimen, the metamorphism of the rock was only partially completed.
One wall of some of the mineralized veins of the region consists of hardened bluish black schist, usually about 10 feet in thickness, which has been only partially metamorphosed and which grades to black slate and shale in a direction away from the igneous contact. This schist is fine-grained, and exhibits irregular crinkled cleavage faces. It fractures with sharp edges across the planes of cleavage. In thin sections it is seen to be composed of lens-shaped aggregations of quartz surrounded by small parallel stringers of opacite. Mineraliza- tion with pyrite often takes place in thin bands parallel with the cleavage, especially near the contact veins.
The only specimens of chert received came from the Black Trail claim, about 2 miles west of Mt. Skokomish, where it forms the wall of a quartz vein. It is very hard and fine- grained, black to dark reddish in color, and fractures along innumerable joint planes. The chert is usually rich in iron, and sometimes contains enough lime to render the rock softer than typical chert. Numerous small quartz veins cut the chert, usually occupying joint cracks. An impure dark greenish calcareous shale, approaching chert, occurs in the same locality as the rock just described. It is seamed with calcite veins carrying chalcopyrite, which stains the adjacent calcite green.
A light greenish drab i impure limestone mottled with reddish blotches occurs in layers 2 or 3 feet thick interbedded with
12 Lt. Arnold—Rocks from the Sawtooth Range.
the chert in one wall of the vein on the east flank of Mt. Henderson. The surface of this rock weathers into minute pits so characteristic of certain limestones. The red blotches in the rock are said to sometimes carry small particles of native copper.
A specimen of material said to occur as float in the region of Copper Mountain, 6 miles south of Mt. Skokomish, consists of mineralized red jasper and gray quartz.
Igneous Rocks.
The igneous rocks in the collection embrace typical diabase, a fine-grained diabase, and a peculiar fibrous serpentine resem- bling antigorite. The igneous rocks are all younger than the sedimentaries, occurring as dikes intruding the latter, usually with a north to northeast trend, parallel with the strike of the sedimentaries.
The most typical example of diabase occurs as a Tie dike at Smith’s Camp, and lies adjacent to a dark slate spotted with aggregations of white quartz. The diabase is moderately fine- grained, greenish to greenish gray in color, and breaks with a rough irregular surface. Thin veins of chlorite occur in some of the joint cracks. Under the microscope, the rock shows typical ophitic texture. Plagioclase and augite are the most important minerals, the former predominating. The plagio- clase occurs in lath-shaped crystals; the augite is slightly pleo- chroic, and is altered in many cases. Titaniferous magnetite is found abundantly in isolated grains. Calcite is one of the alteration products. This diabase is a rock that could properly be called a greenstone.
Diabase also occurs abundantly, intruding the slates, on the west side of Box Canyon, where it has been prospected con- siderably, but with negative results. This rock is fine-grained, light greenish to oveenish gray and breaks with a rough frac- ture. Pyrites are plainly visible in small but numerous specks throughout it. In thin sections, it is seen to be less typically ophitic in texture than the diabase last described. It contains about equal quantities of plagioclase and augite, the latter more pleochroic than in the diabase previously mentioned ; quantities of titaniferous magnetite and iron pyrites also occur through- out the mass. Chlorite appears to be the principal product of alteration.
A specimen of a fine-grained diabase, approaching a basalt in appearance, occurs as one of the igneous rocks at Camp Black and White. In hand specimens, it is fine-grained, very dark colored and breaks with knife-like edges along several irregular systems of joint planes, parallel with which are sometimes thin
R. Arnold—Locks from the Sawtooth Range. 13
chlorite veins. Fresh surfaces are rough or finely corrugated. In thin slides, the rock is seen to have fine diabasic texture, the plagioclase, which oceurs in small lath-shaped rystals, apparently being more important than the augite, which in many instances is altered to chlorite. Small chlorite veins filled with segregations of calcite and calcite masses occur sparingly throughout the rock. No olivine is seen in the rock although its general appearance is like many olivine-bearing basalts.
A specimen ot amygdaloidal basalt, said to have come from a detached bowlder at Smith’s Camp, exhibits cavities up to 1/16 inch (2"™) in diameter, filled with a soft white mineral, probably natrolite or a related mineral. This rock has been erroneously called “bird’s-eye porphyry” by the prospectors.
Serpentine.—A peculiar fine-grained fibrous serpentine, probably antigorite, occurs in the igneous area at Camp Black and White. This rock is rather dark grayish green in color and upon close examination exhibits segregations ‘ofa erayer shade. It breaks along several systems of shearing planes, producing a jagged surface. Chlorite associated with a white mineral occurs abundantly in irregular veins following the fracture planes. The most interesting feature of the rock disclosed by a miscroscopic examination is the occurrence in it of numerous skeleton crystals of olivine now entirely altered to chlorite. Most of these skeletons appear as long narrow rectangles with an acute, deep reéntrant angle in each end. There are also a few better developed olivine crystals mostly altered to calcite. Radiating bunches of a serpentine-like mineral, probably anti- gorite, form the groundmass.
Ores.
The ore samples submitted by Mr. Stanard include both mineralized quartz and slate. A sample which apparently came from at least 8 or 10 feet below the surface is of slate, undoubtedly from near the contact with a quartz vein, and contains chalcopyrite and malachite in moderate amounts. Another specimen is of gray to dark reddish brown quartz, containing finely disseminated free copper, and, in the cracks, thin layers of malachite and azurite ; a black coating, pr obably a hydrous manganese dioxide like ‘psilomelane or wad, also occurs prominently in this rock. A third specimen of gr ‘ayish to reddish drab quartz contains considerable amounts of free copper with which is associated some red cuprite. These last two specimens are said to be typical surface specimens. All of these are from the Three Friends claim, at Camp Black and White, which, according to Mr. Stanard, shows a eheveraliged
14 LR. Arnold—Rocks from the Sawtooth Range.
zone 650 feet long with an average width of 12 feet. He also states that ore of this same class occurs on adjacent claims.
Impure gray chert carrying small amounts of chalcopyrite and malachite, and coated with considerable quantities of manganese oxide, occur with a decomposed mineralized igne- ous rock at the Black Trail claim, about 2 miles west of Mt. Skokomish.
The relation existing between the mineral-bearing and country rocks in the Sawtooth Range is typically illustrated by the section at Smith’s camp, which is as follows :
Geologic section at Smith’s Camp, from east to west.
Feet
Diabase 2 3:25 2 pee See ee le 90 Quartz. vein Gee e ee 8 Digibase: 2 os aS en ee - 60 Quantzsv eine ee eee was eee Semi-metamor phosed black schist, mineralized near
contact with vein: | -. 2 lS). 2 es ee 10 Alternating vertical beds of hard sandstone and shale
or slate wo ie es te er) Quartz vein (2 a es ee 4 Sandstonesand shales.: 52. 22) 28 ee 20+
One wall of nearly all the veins in the district is igneous rock while the other may be schist, chert, caleareous chert or also igneous rock.
From the character of the specimens examined, it seems proba- ble that the ores in this region consist largely ‘of mineralized contact vein quartz with which is associated some of the country rock that has been locally mineralized along contacts with veins or contacts with intrusive diabase or other basic rocks. The most valuable ore in those veins which are associated with the iron-bearing cherts is usually immediately adjacent to the igneous wall. Next to the igneous wall in some of the veins is a zone from 4 to 12 inches or more in thickness, filled with decomposed iron ore; this zone extends for several feet below the surface and represents a zone of sulphides farther down.
According to Mr. Stanard, the belt of igneous and associated copper-bearing rocks extends at least as far as Mt. Constance in Sees. 6 and 7, T. 26 N., R. 8 W., 15 miles northeast of Mt. Skokomish.
W. M. Bradley—Analysis of the Mineral Neptunite. 15
Arr. IIl.—On the Analysis of the Mineral Neptunite From San Benito County, California ; by W. M. Brapiey.
Tuer rare mineral neptunite was discovered early in 1907 near the head waters of the San Benito River in San Benito County, California. It was associated in its occurrence with the new mineral benitoite, a barium titano-silicate, and at first was thought to be a new species and received the provisional name of carlosite.*
A crystallographic and optical study of these neptunite erystals has recently been published by Prof. W. E. Ford,t and the present chemical investigation is supplementary to that article. The mineral has previously been found only in the Julianehaab district, Greenland, and two analyses of the mineral were made from material obtained from this locality ; one by Flinkt, and the other by Sjostrom.§ The results of their analyses follow:
SiO. TiO. FeO MnO CaO Keo Na,.O MgO Flink Rebs Lots -10°9 4:97 == 4:88 9°26 0:49 =100°17 Sjostrom Melon ise LO 2d Doo. Orie gl. 953. “= ==100°98
The material used for the present analysis was obtained from the Brush Collection and was of ideal purity, it being selected from crystals similar to those used for crystallographic meas- urements.
Method of Analysis.—A very brief outline of the analytical! methods employed may here be given. The mineral was fused with sodium carbonate and silica determined in the usual way. The filtrate obtained after the removal of the silica was used for a basic acetate precipitation, and the pre- cipitate thus obtained eventually fused with acid potassium sulphate. The titanium was precipitated in a rather strongly acidified acetic acid solution in the presence of sodium acetate and SO, water by boiling the solution from three to five min- utes. In the filtrate from the basic acetate precipitation the manganese was precipitated as MnO, by bromine water in the presence of sodium acetate, and after dissolving in strong SO, water was reprecipitated as ammonium-manganese phosphate. Calcium and magnesium were determined by the common gravimetric methods, and the alkalies by making a Smith’s fusion. Ferrous iron was determined by dissolving the mineral
* Univ. Calif. Pub., v, 9, pp. 149-153, 1907. + This Journal, (4), xxvii, 235, 1909.
¢G. For. Forh., xv, 196, 467, 1893; Zeitschr. Kr., xxiii, 346, 1894. $G. For. Férh., xv, 393, 1893.
16 W. M. Bradley—Analysis of the Mineral Neptunite.
in a mixture of hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids and finally titrating with KMnO,,.
The ‘analy ses agree essentially with those obtained by the previous investigators on the Greenland material with the exception that the percent of MnO present is much smaller while the amounts of lime and magnesia show a corresponding increase. The mineral is therefore a silico-titanate of iron and the alkalies. The results of the analyses are as follows:
I II Average Ratio DION. see 52°91 52°83 52°87 "875 ~ 4013 SN CO eae era 17°89 17°83 "222 1:017 NNO 2 eee ee "88 "85 ay OrOues Sonn 1°59 1°53 1°56 027 | B57. MeO 6 en 1-41 148 144 085 7 =n Ok Aue eae 11°54 11°83 11°69 162 | TO HP ae es 5°11 5°06 5:08 054 | :
{0D :
NE OU mare | 9°83 9:98 956 sda ieee ade
100°98 100°78 100°88
The ratios derived from the analysis yield very closely the following formula—48i0,.1TiO, ARO, i, O, which can be ex-
pressed by the general formula R, RTiSi ,O,, or (Na,K) (Fe, ca Mg,Mn) Ti Si, O,,.
“This is the same as that given by Flink* as a formula for the Greenland material.
In conclusion the author here makes known his indebtedness to Prof. W. E. Ford, who so kindly furnished the material for this investigation.
Mineralogical Laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale Univer- sity, New Haven, Conn., April 3, 1909.
* Loe. cit.
F. B. Loomis—Turtles from the Upper Harrison Beds. 17
Arr. IV.— Turtles Jrom the Upper Harrison Beds; by
F. B. Loomis.
In spite of the considerable activity in collecting in the Harrison Beds in the vicinity of Agate, Nebraska, but three turtles have been described, and these are all from the upper beds, Two, Testudo edae and T. holland, are known from nearly complete shells, while 7. avenivaga is based on simply the pygal and eleventh peripheral plate. During the explora- tions of the Amherst party in the country between the Muddy Creek and Agate, Neb., it was their good fortune to find in the Upper Harrison beds, among other turtle remains, most of the skeleton of 7. arenivaga and two new Testudine, one of which is accompanied by an almost complete skeleton.
The entire lack of remains of aquatic forms has always struck the writer as very suggestive that these beds were deposited largely, at least, by winds; and of all the groups of land animals which are most likely to offer aquatic representa- tives the turtles are most favorable; but, while five species are now known, and their remains are by no means rare, every representative is an upland form, and so far all belonging to the genus Testudo. Among the mammals also the remains are all terrestrial forms. Then from the structure of the deposits, the irregular character of the bedding, the presence of occa- sional large pebbles, and the intermingling of very fine material with coarser sand, all point in the same direction, namely wind deposition.
The following paragraphs are descriptive of three turtles ; of which 7. arenwaga belongs with the large land tortoises characteristic of the Miocene of western America, while T. brevisterna and T. undabuna are quite aberrant from the typical forms of the epoch. The latter two were found on Muddy Oreek in beds which also contained MMerychyus minimus Peterson in abundance, and are, therefore, assigned by the writer to the Upper Harrison horizon.
Testudo arenivaga Hay. Testudo arenivaga Hay, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1906, p. 16. Testudo arenivaga Hay, Fossil Turtles of N. Amer., Carnegie Institute,
1908, p. 430.
The type of this large species is No. 1509 in the Carnegie Museum, and consists of the pygal and right eleventh peri- pheral plate, found in the Upper Harrison beds, “two miles north of Agate Spring Quarry.” Within a mile or two of the above the Amherst party found a second specimen (No. 2165
Am. Jour Sci.—FourtH Series, Vou. XXVIII, No. 163.—Juxy, 1909. 2
18 F. B. Loomis—Turtles from the Upper Harrison Beds.
of the Amherst Collection) which includes the portion found by the Carnegie party, together with the front of the plastron, the skull, shoulder girdle, humerus, pelvis, femur, a large number of dermal ossicles and fragments of other bones.
Three species of giant land tortoises have been described, all agreeing in a general way and being distinguished by hay- ing a der mal armature of small bones, in addition to the shell. These are Testudo osborniana from the Pawnee Oreek beds, T. impensa from the Loup Fork of Montana, and 7. orthopygia from the Upper Miocene of Kansas. To this group 7. areni- vagw belongs, making four representatives from the middle West.
The skull of 7. arentvaga is relatively the widest of any of the known forms in this group (and all of the four are known by practically the whole skeleton), triangular in form, with rather’
Fie. 1.
Fie. 1. Testudo arenivaga, the skull from the palatal aspect. 1% nat. size. Fic. la. Lower jaw from the side. 1 nat. size.
heavy bones, and with the lateral angies extending shghtly behind the occipital condyle. It is also relatively low.
Measurements. Length, snout to occipital) condyles s2 252°) 222352. Liao Width across the quadrates/. 22.20... .. 23.2.2. 22 2) See Heicht at back of maxilla2:22 222 22. ...- 152-2.)
The top of the frontal is somewhat crushed, but the margins remain and show the interorbital region to be moderately wide
F. B. Loomis—Turtles from the Upper Harrison Beds. 19
(32™"). The jugal arch is unusually heavy, being 19"™ wide at the narrowest part. The palate is high vaulted and rather narrow. The masticatory surfaces of the maxille are wide, and have three ridges, and two longitudinal grooves. The imar- ginal ridge is high and sharp, slightly dentate and overlaps the mandible extensively. The median ridge is low but acute, while the innermost one is rounded and crossed by shallow strie. The two inner ridges do not continue onto the pre- maxille, which have a deep depression, into which evidently fitted a strong horny tooth on the lower jaw. The posterior nares open far enough back so that they are behind the shelf just described. On either ptery- Fic. 2. goid there is a shghtly hooked ectopterygoid process.
The lower jaws are rather nar- row, 26" high at the coronoid, and the upper margin contains a deep groove, bounded by two sharp edges, of which the inner is the higher.
Of the carapace but a small portion of the rear was pre- served, but that fortunately included the half of the pygal, suprapygal and the eleventh peripheral, which correspond almost exactly in dimensions and thickness with those of the type, so that the association may be considered unquestionable, imas- ; much as the two came from ‘within a mile or two of each
other.
Of the plastron the anterior lobe of the left side and some ’ fragments were found. The Fic. 2. The anterior portion of whole lobe is about 330" wide the piastron of T-arenivaga. “4 and 240™ long, indicating that the shell was relatively long and narrow. The lip is prominent, being 148" wide at the base and 75"™ long on the median line. The anterior corners are rounded and there is a small notch in front, making a form in itself distinctive. From the front, the lip thickens rapidly until, when 115™™ back, it is 75™" thick. It then drops down abruptly, the escarpment being strongly excavated behind. The following measurements of plastral scutes are all that can be given: On the median line, the gulars occupy 125™",
hamerals 105™", and the pectorals but 15™™.
‘ tat ’ Peete Aces Poe AACA LLALAD 232 LW Hest they Dita OP EES ea 8
wheter wed Ey naar tLe
20 FB. Loomis—Turtles from the Upper Harrison Beds.
The shoulder girdle is practically complete. The scapula is a flattened bone about 145™™ long and, near the glenoid end, is about twice as broad as it is thick. It makes an angle of 120° with the procoracoid process, which is 95™" long. The coracoid is a broad triangular bone, measuring 85™™ along the medial side, 75™™ along its front border and 105™™ along the posterior border. The humerus is a heavy bone, 173™™ long, with a head 45™™ in diameter. However, for the size of the
HiGaio: Fie. 4.
—_—_—_———.
Fic. 3. Humerus of T. arenivaga from the radial size. 1% nat. size. Fic. 4. Femur of T. arenivaga. 16 nat. side.
skull, this, as is also the case with the other limb bones, is relatively light when compared with that of 7. orthopygia, T. osborniana, or T. pensa. The lesser tubercle is swung well to the rear; so the intertubercular suleus between it and the wing-like greater tubercle is unusually narrow and deep. The pelvis is also relatively light and offers no particular features. The femur is relatively small, being 142™™ long, the shaft being much flattened toward the distal end. At the condyles it is 56™" wide. A few phalanges are present, the
F. B. Loomis—Turtles from the Upper Harrison Beds. 21
end ones being about 25"™ long ; and the next to the last only about 15™™.
On the under sides of the feet and along the forelimb up to the elbow, and presumably under the tail, numerous denticles occur. Along one fore limb over 50 were found. As Hay has suggested, these helped to close the openings at the front and rear of the shell. They are characteristic of these large forms; and, judging from the fact that in every species the skeleton has been preserved, they may well have been most effective in completing the armature. They may be used to bind together into a subordinate group such Testudine as possess them.
Testudo brevisterna sp. nov.
The type of this species is No. 2006 in the Amherst Collec- tion and was found in the Upper Harrison beds, on Muddy Creek in the north edge of Laramie Co., Wyoming. The type includes the carapace, plastron, skull, shoulder girdle, fore limb (except foot), pelvis and the hind limb (except foot). The skeletal portions were found within the shell and indicate that the turtle died while withdrawn. It apparently lay some time before being buried, as the bones are in many eases eaten into, either by animals or decay. This specimen was found in close proximity to the skeleton of Merychyus minimus, which marks the beds on Muddy Creek as Upper Harrison.’
The turtles nearest in the arrangement of their plates to Testudo brevisterna are T. vaga from the Pawnee Oreek beds and 7. edae from the Upper Harrison, both of these agreeing in having only neurals 1 and 3 tetragonal, while the second is octagonal: but in 7. brevisterna the fourth neural is hex- agonal, while in both the other forms it is octagonal. 7. edae is further isolated by having only seven neurals. The species T. brevisterna is peculiar in the abrupt way the carapace falls off behind, the rear portion of the shell being almost vertical, and its middle portion extending below the plastron, thus practically closing the rear of the shell.
The skull of this specimen is nearly complete, only the left quadrate region and the basioccipital being lost. In this skull there are such marked peculiarities that, among the few Testudinz of this type, the writer finds no other species with which to compare it. The skull is wide and short, being as wide across the quadrate region as it is long from the snout to the occipital condyle. It is very low and the arcades are heavy. The large prefrontals (18™™ along the median line) almost exclude the frontals from bordering on the orbit. The small frontals (12™™ long) are much reduced, the larger parie- tals overshadowing them. The vault of the palate is very low
22 FB. Loomis—Turtles from the Upper Harrison Beds.
and has a median ridge running from the basisphenoid onto the premaxille. The 1 masticatory surface has three ridges and two longitudinal furrows. The low, sharp outer ridge bounds the jaw, overlapping the lower jaw but little. The middle and inner ridges are still lower and rather obtuse. The median ridge mentioned above as continuing onto the premaxille separates two deep pits, one on either side, which evidently
Hie. 9.
Fie. 5. Skull of T. brevisterna from above. 1 nat. size.
Fic. 5a. The quadrate and otic region seen from the side to show the narrow ear opening and the forward projection of the quadrate. 1g nat. size.
received two horny teeth on the front of the lower Jaw. There is a strong ectopterygoid process on either pterygoid bone. The opening for the ear is greatly narrowed, ne a very characteristic feature. (See fig. 5a.)
Measurements. Length from the snout to the supra occipital crest ___- -- -- sor Length from the snout to the occipital condyle (estimate).. 70™™ Widthsacross the quadrates) 2 25220525 5)". ee DO Width.of interorbital région? 2.25 42) 2 i ee Leneth of ear opening). 22 5.2 elif. 2s Height of ear opening... 22.2025 -22 2.21. 1 2
The short, widespread lower jaws have a longitudinal groove bounded by sharp ridges of nearly equal height. The jaw is 55™™ long and 19™™ high at the coronoid.
The carapace is only 386°" long and nearly as wide (360™"), being high arched (148"™ high). The greatest width is near the front and it narrows slightly as it approaches the rear. The back of the shell drops off very abruptly, being almost vertical, and extending below the plastron near the middle line. The dimensions of the various plates appear in the table below:
F. B. Loomis— Turtles Srom the Upper Harrison Beds. 28
Neurats Vertebrals Length Width Length Width 1 63 40 1 Le 125 2 40 46 2 85 98 3 38 49 3 90 100 4 36 52 4 68 80 dD 34 48 5 104 155 6 29 45 7 28 45 8 38 36 Fic. 6.
Fic. 6a. The carapace of T. brevisterna, projected on a flat surface. The posterior part is a little spread. 14 nat. size. Fie. 66. Plastron of same.
This individual seems to be very old and the sulci marking the outline of the scutes are but dimly marked. There is a low boss on the first neural. Both neural 1 and 3 are tetra- gonal, 3 is octagonal and the others are hexagonal. The upper suprapygal is as usual in the genus. Costals 2, 4, 6, and 8 are narrow above, but spread distally, having a wide base below. Costals 1, 3, 5,.and 7, on the other hand, are wide above and narrow below.
24 F. B. Loomis—Turtles from the Upper Harrison Beds. The plastron is 429"™ long and 220™™ wide, the anterior lip projecting far in front of the carapace. The tront of the plas- tron is turned upward, the lip projecting straightforward from it. The rounded anterior end of the lip is deeply notched, and from the front it thickens until about 70™™ back the lip is about 30™" thick. Just behind this point it drops down, mak- ing a considerable wall. The endoplastron is 70™ long and
ime 9 Fie. 8.
Fic. 7. Humerus of T. brevisterna from the radial side. 14 nat. size. Fig. 8. Femur of T. brevisterna. 4 nat. size.
86™" wide. The relationships of the different elements are shown in the scale drawing, fig. 6.
The scapula is a flattened bone (92™ long) making an angle of 119° with the procoracoid (62™™ long). The humerus is greatly flattened and very broad, the lesser and greater tuber- cules being wide spread, and having a broad intertubercular suleus between them. The head of the humerus, however, is relatively small (see fig. 7), but the distal end of the bone is again wide and flat.
The pelvis has a short stout ilium, and the whole build of pubis and ischium is heavy, especially the short prepubic process. The femur, unlike the humerus, is a short, stout bone, 82™™ long and widely oval in section. Both the tibia (65™™ long) and the fibula (70™ long) are rod-like with a cireular cross section, and taper gradually toward the distal end. The feet are wanting.
While the cervical and caudal vertebre are present they
fF. B. Loomis—Turtles from the Upper Harrison Beds. 25
offer no specific characters, unless it is that the tail was short and weak.
Testudo undabuna sp. nov.
The type of this species (No. 2007 in the Amherst collec- tion) is a carapace, lacking the pygal and eleventh peripherals, and the median portion of the plastron, the shell belonging to a very primitive type of Testudo. It was found in the Upper Harrison beds on Muddy Oreek, Laramie County, Wyoming.
The species is peculiar in having the suture between the first and second costal plates start from the first neural plate,
Fic. 9. Carapace of Testudo undabuna as projected on a flat surface. 1¢ nat. size.
making it hexagonal, a condition paralleled among American fossil turtles only in Zestudo laticuneata from the Oligocene. No neural plates are octagonal and only the third is tetragonal. The surface of the carapace is covered by undulatory lines which follow the outlines of the epidermal scutes.
The carapace of the type is 205" long and 155™™ wide, the outline of the shell being regularly ovate with a slight notch in front, and unusually low vaulted for a land tortoise. The dimensions of the neurals are given in the table below.
26 FL. B. Loomis—Turtles from the Upper Harrison Beds.
Neurals Vertebrals Length Width Length Width
i! 30 22. i 46 ‘57 2 My 30 2, 37 47 3 20 22 3 386 o2 4 Le. 20 4 46 52 5 18 28 5 50 82 6 12 28
t 12 24
8 9 18
The second, fourth, sixth and eighth costals are narrow above and wider below; the first, third, fifth, and seventh are wide above and narrow below.
As only the central portion of the plastron is preserved, but few characters can be gleaned from it. The species seems to be at least fairly common, both in the beds along the Muddy Creek and also along Raw Hide Creek, no less than five specimens having been found.
Amherst, Mass.
B.S. Butler—Pyrogenetic Epidote. 27
Art. V.—Pyrogenetic Epidote ;* by B. 8. Burrer.
AN occurrence of epidote as an apparently original constitu- ent of a dike rock was observed by the writer in 1907, while engaged in field work in the Shasta County copper region, California. This recalled the question as to whether or not epidote is ever a pyrogenetic mineral. In the occurrence to be described, the evidence of primary origin seems unusually good, and, although the material obtained is not as fresh as could be desired, since all the specimens were collected from surface outcrops, yet it is thought worthy of presentation.
In order that the evidence may be properly weighed, it may be well to preface it with a brief review of some of the occur- rences described by previous observers.
One of the best known of these in the United States is that of allanite and epidote in the granites of Ilchester, Maryland, described by Professor W. H. Hobbs.t Concerning the origin of the minerals Professor Hobbs says: “‘ With little doubt the latter (allanite) is one of the earliest separations from the magma. ‘The origin of the epidote is not so easily settled, but the ‘stretched’ character of the granite is in favor of a meta- morphic origin, through pressure. Against such a view is the discovery by Professor Williams that the Woodstock granite, which is particularly rich in these intergrowths, shows no evi- dence of cataclastic action.” In a later publication the author expresses the belief that the epidote of the [chester granites, in some cases at least, is an original mineral. The Maryland granites were later studied by Mr. C. R. Keyes,§ who concludes that both the allanite and epidote are of primary origin. A. Lacroix| describes intergrowths of epidote and allanite closely resembling those of [chester, in which the epidote is con- sidered as an original mineral. Professor W. C. Brégger™] describes similar intergrowths and considers the epidote, in some cases at least, to be of pseudomorphic origin. Professor Frank D. Adams** describes the occurrence of epidote and allanite in granites from Wrangell Island, Alaska, and Pelly River, Yukon district, Alaska. In both cases the epidote is considered as a mineral which has grown in the rock after its consolidation, but without recrystallization of the other con- stituents.
* Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.
+ This Journal (8), vol. xxxviii, pp. 223-228.
¢ Am. Geol., vol. xii, p. 218, 1898.
$ Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., vol. iv. pp. 305-312.
| Bull. de la Soc. Frangaise de Minéralogie, vol. xii, Apr. 1889.
*| Zeitschrift fiir Krystallographie, xvi, p. 99, 1890. ** Canadian Record of Science, 1891, p. 344.
28 B.S. Butler— Pyrogenetic Epidote.
Mr. W. H. Turner* considers epidote occurring in a fresh soda-granite from California as probably original. Messrs. Alfred E. Barlow and W. F. Ferrier,t describing epidote occurring in Laurentian gneisses, consider it as primary, and in a classification of the rocks, the micaceous gneisses are sub- divided on the basis of primary and secondary epidote. These are described by the authors as follows:
“‘ Biotite-epidote-gneiss. The combination of biotite and epi- dote as the principal colored constituents forms a well-defined rock-type which has been found to be remarkably constant over large and widely separated areas ..... The rocks are un- doubtedly of irruptive origin, and are, in fact, foliated granitites, thoroughly holocrystalline and granitoid, varying from coarsely to finely crystalline.”
Under the description of the epidote they make the follow- ing statements:
“Next to the biotite, this is by far the most abundant of the coloured constituents of the granitic gneisses and it also enters largely into the composition of the more basic hornblendic ones. In addition to the ordinary occurrence of the epidote as an altera- tion product, we have also the strongest evidence that it exists in a large number of cases as an original and important constituent of the rock mass.
The manner in which the perfectly fresh crystals, possessing sharply defined outlines, occur inclosed by wholly unaltered bio- tite in rocks which have been subjected to only a slight degree of pressure, admits of no reasonable doubt as to their primary Ma PUG 5s etar. The crystals occasionally contain cores of a pleo- chroic brownish substance which is probably allanite, but no thoroughly typical examples of that mineral were detected.”
As seen from the foregoing descriptions, in most of the occurrences where epidote has been considered primary it has been associated with allanite, the two exceptions being the occurrence noted by Mr. Turner, where allanite is not men- tioned as a constituent of the soda-granite, and that of Messrs. Barlow and Ferrier, in which allanite is only rarely associated with the epidote.
The evidence of pyrogenetic origin adduced in these cases has apparently not been entirely convincing. Several of the recent text-books on petrography question the occurrence of epidote as an original constituent of igneous rocks. Mr. Waldemar Lindgren,t in a recent paper: “‘ Relation of ore deposits to physical conditions,’ does not include epidote
* Jour. Geol., vol. vii, p. 155.
+ Canadian Geol. Survey, vol. x, pp. 70-87, 1907. t{ Econ. Geol., vol. ii, p. 105, 1907.
B.S. Butler—Pyrogenetic Epidote. 29
among the pyrogenetic minerals, and Mr. William H. Emmons,* in a later article: “ A genetic classification of minerals,” ques- tions its occurrence as an original constituent of igneous rocks.
The epidote in Shasta County, California, occurs as an accessory mineral in small dikes cutting an extensive mass of soda-granite porphyry. This main intrusive is the enclosing rock of the copper deposits west of the Sacramento River. It is roughly elliptical in outline with major diameter exceeding 10 miles and the minor diameter 3 to 4 miles. Near the cen- ter of this intrusive mass, in the vicinity of the Balaklava, Shasta King, and Spread Eagle mines, are several small dikes which appear, from field relation and chemical composition, to be the result of differentiation from the main intrusive rock. It is in these dikes that epidote is found with the characteris- ties of an original mineral.
Both the large intrusive mass and the dikes are of unusual composition, being characterized by very low content of potas- sium and calcium with high soda.
_ Analyses of the soda-granite porphyry and one of the dikes by Mr. George Stieger, of the U. S. Geological Survey, give the following composition :
I II
SOS peat 80-09 ty 268-15 PURO eee ee 10°80 16°75 Res oe 1:07 48 eG ees tt 83 17D) MICO eee ee 58 83 CO ae eke 38 89 INA OR EE 5ag0 6°95 KG Oe Bee er none 80 HIO ee ee "24 84 Pi Oepscr nt 52 1:52 a0 Fee cee ae pe eles 16 DH ZrO, a ge ee "01 none ONS Nes Ce eee none none AO Gary ea 262i 04 16 es none none Shin oes eee eee oe Ne none none VEO ee nO 04 |) Se COI eee ie none 03 Si ho RSS eae none 03
160°34 100°06
I. Soda-granite porphyry near Shasta King mine. If. Porphyry dike near mouth of north tunnel of Spread Eagle
mine. * Econ. Geol., vol. iii, p. 611, 1908.
30 B.S. Butler—Pyrogenetic Kpidote.
These dikes, which occur scattered over several square miles in this locality, differ somewhat in appearance, chiefly due to difference in weathering, but are very uniform in mineral composition. The freshest specimen obtained was from the dike at the Spread Eagle tunnel. This is a greenish-gray porphyritic rock containing phenocrysts of quartz, plagioclase,
altered biotite and epidote. The quartz crystals are (not :
abundant and show marked corrosion. The plagioclase pheno- erysts are very striking, being almost pure white in color and nearly euhedral in form, the latger reaching 8™ in length. Biotite crystals are rather scattering and show strong chloriti- zation. The epidote occurs in well-formed crystals scattered sparingly through the rock. The largest observed was 12™™ in length, though most of the crystals do not exceed 5™™ in greatest dimension. They are of sufficient size and abundance to attract the attention at once and were found in every dike of this character examined.
Under the microscope the quartz phenocrysts show pro- nounced corrosion, having entirely lost their crystal outline. The feldspar crystals in many cases are twinned according to both the albite and periclne laws. Extinction on 010 varies from +7 to +10, with index slightly lower than Canada balsam. These properties correspond to an oligoclase with a composition about Ab,An,. The crystals are clouded with minute dark specks and in some instances there has been con- siderable kaolinization. The biotite has suffered extreme alteration, in some cases to a green pleochroic mica with the separation of iron ore; in other cases alteration has produced chlorite, epidote and iron ore. In a few instances serpentine has resulted from the alteration. A few crystals of unaltered muscovite or paragonite are present in the specimens.
The groundmass is composed of unstriated feldspar, with small amounts showing twinning, also of quartz and altered mica. The analyses indicate that the feldspar of the ground- mass 1s lower in lime than the phenocrysts. Accessory min- erals are epidote, apatite, zircon, and titanite. Many of the epidote individuals evidently once possessed a definite crystal outline, though in most cases there has been enough corro- sion by magma to destroy the sharp erystal faces. In some instances this corrosion has produced embayments in the crys- tals. The contact between the epidote and the groundmass is pertectly definite, there being no fingering out of the epidote into the enclosing ; gvroundmass. <A few erystals of quartz and apatite are included in the epidote. The included quartz crystals show nearly perfect crystal outline, and have escaped
the corrosive action of the magma, which has affected the.
epidote and the quartz not thus protected. The evidence
B.S. Butler— Pyrogenetic Epidote. 31
indicates that the quartz and epidote were among the earliest minerals to crystallize; both were earlier than the feldspar and biotite, at any rate the latter minerals do not show the corrosive effects that characterize the former.
The epidote possesses the optical properties characteristic of that mineral. Pleochroism a pale greenish-yellow, 6 pale lemon-yellow, c nearly colorless. Absor ption CSb>a. Twin- ning plane 100. Cleavage 001 and 100 distinct. Plane of optic axes 010. anc=2° 25’ average of several readings. Angle between 100 and 001 = 114° 26/ average of measure- ment on several crystals. Optical character(—). y—a@= ‘024, determined by table of birefringences.
A separation of the epidote was made by breaking the erystals from the matrix. In this manner material that was fully 50 per cent epidote was obtained. This was crushed to pass a 100-mesh sieve and the powder separated by Thoulet’s solution at maximum density. The material obtained was examined microscopically and found to be practically pure epidote. An analysis of this material by Mr. W. T. Schaller, of the U.S. Geological Survey, gave the following composition :
Analysis of Epidote from Shasta Co., Cal.
Sratimeyen ein 60 hae ee 38°22 wid gis Sencar Seine 0°33 EO p19 LoL) Se Ae ES ae) See te ge semen 8°75 Re Oe SON NP ah 1°25 iO Reta S802 SY LS PE oe On SUE 0°19 RO eee Aas fo SU dad trace eierer Aare eh sor, Set 22°77 HE ONG ae Sore tan ated A Was a 06 JS ALO pete oe ge b pene bP er eeeee a Mee 11 AG ak eee ee ere 52 TAG teSS Se ik eet -eapel dee en tee a 3°04
100°36 aes Caethisns ei Ji. oil ees 324° “none Density (approximately) . peed Ne 3°29
It is seen that, disregarding the minor constituents, the mineral conforms very closely to the formula (Ca,Fe), (AlOH) (Al, Fe), (Si0,),, the molecular ratio of calcium to ferrous iron being CaO: FeO:: 24:1, and that of aluminium to ferric iron Al,O. ree Oso £5 +E
Aside fron the fs egoing evidence of the primary origin of the epidote there are additional reasons for believing that it is not secondary. The large crystals of epidote appear with
32 B.S. Butler—Pyrogenetic Epidote.
equal abundance in various stages of alteration of the differ- ent dikes. Where secondary epidote develops in the altera- tion of biotite and feldspar, it is in minute grains and shows no tendency to collect in large crystals. The very low lime content of the rock would permit of the formation of but a small amount of epidote, and it is difficult to conceive of con- ditions of alteration that would cause all this to collect in a few large crystals, if it had been originally disseminated through | the rock. Inthe freshest dikes the feldspars show but slight alteration, and could not have furnished sufficient CaO from this alteration to form the epidote. The enclosing rock is extremely low in lime, and cannot be looked upon as. a source of this material for the formation of the epidote. The dikes are near the center of a large intrusive mass and therefore are probably not affected by formations surrounding this large mass.
Considering the dikes as the result of differentiation of the magma represented by the main intrusive mass, it is seen that there has been a decrease in SiO, with increase in most of the remaining oxides ; the relative increase in lime is much greater than in soda. From this it would naturally be expected that the feldspar of the dikes would be distinctly more basic than that of the main intrusive. The feldspar of the groundmass in both rocks is too small for accurate determination, but so far as can be judged by the phenocrysts, there is little differ- ence in the composition of the feldspars in the main intrusive and in the dikes. Assuming that the feldspars in the two rocks are of the same composition, the excess of lime m the dike rock may be considered as available for the formation of epidote.
In calculating the composition of the dike rock we may assign enough CaO to combine with available P,O, to form apatite, an amount equal to the total CaO present in the main intrusive to form anorthite, and there is still remaining suffi- cient to form 1:41 per cent of epidote of the composition shown by the analysis. As the amount of feldspar in the dikes is greater than that in the enclosing rock, it wonld require slightly more CaO than is present in the main intru- sive to form feldspar of the same composition. This would reduce the amount of epidote slightly, but it would probably still be above one per cent. It is dificult to estimate the per- centage of epidote present in the scattered crystals, but it certainly seems to correspond well with the amount roughly calculated above.
Washington, D. C.
Gooch and Perkins—Determination of Free Iodine. 33
Arr. VI.—The Gravimetric Determination of Free Lodine by the Action of Metallic Silver; by F. A. Goocu and CLAUDE C. Pans
[Contributions from the Kent Chemical Laboratory of Yale University—ce. ]
Waen in analytical operations it becomes desirable to deter- mine free iodine in the presence of iodine combined in an iodide, it is usual to have recourse to volumetric procedure involving the preparation of standard sodium thiosulphate, for use in neutral or acid solution, or of standard arsenite, for use in solutions made alkaline by a bicarbonate.
inress Ie
The present paper is an account of an endeavor to utilize the well-known affinity between silver and iodine as the basis of a gravimetric method for the determination of iodine in general, and, incidentally, for the gravimetric standardization of iodine solutions to be used in volumetric analysis.
Inasmuch as the facility with which combinations may take place between substances varies with their physical con- ditions, several preparations of silver were tried with a view to finding the form of silver best adapted to the purpose of taking up iodine in analysis. The iodine was used in N/10 solution prepared in the usual way (12°7 gms. of iodine to 18 gms. of potassium iodide in one liter) and standardized against arsenious acid.
Am. Jour. Sci.—FourtuH Series, Vou. XXVIII, No. 163.—Jury, 1909. 3
34. Gooch and Perkins—Determination of Free Iodine.
The procedure was simple. The standard N/10 iodine solu- tion was drawn from a burette into a 250° Erlenmeyer flask containing a weighed amount of finely divided silver. The flask, properly trapped and attached to a mechanical shaker adjusted to give the liquid a rapid rotary motion, was shaken until the iodine color had vanished. The liquid, usually 50°%™* in volume, was diluted to about 100°™* and the residue of silver and silver iodide, collected in a perforated crucible fitted with asbestos felt, was washed, dried at 130° to 140°, and weighed. The difference between the weight of silver taken and that of the residue of silver and silver iodide should, according to the theory of action, be the measure of the free iodine. The accompanying cut shows the mechanical shaker and the adjust- ment of apparatus used throughout the work. The flask at one side, fitted with a bulb-trap held in place by an outer rubber band, was used in the experiments of Tables I and II. The flask mounted upon the shaker was used for the operations carried out in hydrogen and recorded in Tables III and LY.
In Table I are given the results of experiments made with silver reduced in the wet way, by the action of zine upon silver chloride (A), silver nitrate (Bb), or silver iodide (C); and, m a dry way, by the action of hydrogen upon silver sulphide (D), or upon silver oxide (EK). In the first set of experiments of each sort the reduced silver was dried and used without special previous treatment; in the second set of each sort the reduced silver was shaken with a solution of potassium iodide, washed, and dried before being used to absorb the iodine. The object of shaking the reduced silver with potassium iodide was to con- vert to silver iodide any incompletely reduced silver chloride, nitrate, or sulphide, and this treatment does reduce considerably the very large error noted in all of the experiments with the untreated silver; but the similar, if less marked, effect upon silver reduced from the iodide suggested that a part of the unfavorable effects in the case of the untreated silver might be due to action between potassium iodide and metallic com- ponents of the zinc. Even in those experiments in which the reduced silver was previously treated with potassium iodide ~ the errors are too large and too variable for a good analytical process.
Gooch and Perkins—Determination of Free Iodine.
Sys)
Taste: I.
The Action of Silver Reduced by Chemical Processes.
-Silver taken erm.
bo
~I
ww www
jen) co) bo
Ww ww Ww CO w
Increase
Iodine in weight Error in
taken of silver iodine Remarks
erm. erm. erm.
A) The action of silver reduced from AgCl by zinc.
0°6473 0°6833 + 0°0360 The silver 0°6473 0°6861 + 0°0388 was used 0°6473 0°6877 +0:0404 without 0°6473 0°6830 +0°0357 previous 0°6473 0°6829 +0°0356 treatment 0°6461 0°6475 +0°0014 The silver was 0°6461 0°6483 +0°0022 previously 0°6461 0°6494 + 0:0033 treated with KI
The action of silver reduced from AgNO; by zine. The silver was used
0°6461 0°6677 +0°0216 Souk : 0°6461 0°6656 Leone hue eee
treatment 0°6461 0°6464 +0:°0003 The silver was 0°6461 0°6472 +0°0011 previously treated 0°6461 0°6470 + 0°0009 with KI
(C) The action of silver reduced from Agl by zine.
0°6461 0°6513 +0°0052 The silver 0°6461 0°6519 +0°6058 was used 0°6461 0°6514 +0:°00538 without 0°3217 0°3257 +0°0040 previous 023217 0°3261 +0°0044 treatment 0°6434 0°6444 +0:0010 Lae ae wee 0°3917 0-3931 40-0014 Previously treated
with KI
(D) The action of silver reduced from Ag2S by hydrogen.
0°6473 0°6574 +0:0101 Silver used without (°6473 0°6577 +0:0104 previous treatment 0°6461 0°6473 +0°0012 The
0°6461 0°6472 +0°0011 silver was 0°6461 0°6475 +0°0014 previously 0°6461 0°6483 +0°0022 treated 0°6461 0°6525 + 0°0064* with KI
(E) The action of silver reduced from Ag,O by hydrogen.
0°3217 0°3250 +0:0033 Silver used without previous treatment
* Stood for several hours in the solution,
36 Gooch and Perkins—Determination of Free Iodine.
The experiments next described were made with silver deposited electrolytically from a solution of silver nitrate upon a platinum cathode, the anode being enclosed within a porous cell to prevent admixture of the silver dioxide formed at the anode with the metallic silver at the cathode. Experience showed that, while the bright and erystalline deposit which formed upon a stationary cathode lacked in absorptive power, the product obtained by continually oscillating the cathode during the deposition of the metal, broken and dark when formed, proved to be sensitive to iodine as well as pure. . The results of experiments with electrolytic silver thus prepared are given in Table II.
Tape I. The Action of Llectrolytic Silver.
Increase in
Silver Iodine weight of Error in taken taken silver iodine grm. grm. germ. erm. 2°8184 0°6461 0°6494 +0°0038 BD 1BO 06461 0°6490 + 0°0029 2°0514 0°6461 0°6491 +0:0080 3°0102 0°6461 0°6490 +0:0029 75943 (cryst) 0°6479 0°6513 +0°0034
Though the silver used in this process was pure, the errors observed are positive and high; and this fact emphasizes an obvious inference from the previous work that the excess in weight is due to the absorption by the silver of an extra amount of iodine liberated from the potassium iodide by prolonged agitation in contact with the air. In harmony:with this idea is the fact, observed throughout the entire series of experiments with silver reduced by chemical processes and subsequently treated with potassium iodide, that the error is greatest when the time used to accomplish the absorption is the longest. This was especially marked in the experiments with silver reduced by hydrogen, in which the largest amount of time was needed, on account of the less sensitive character of the glisten- ing and filamentary metal.
‘Moreover, direct experiments in santeln the silver was shaken with 50™* of a solution of potassium iodide, 208" to the liter, fully confirmed the idea that the action of air must be pr evented during the agitation of the solution of the iodide in contact with silver ; for in these experiments it was found, that from the solution of potassium iodide shaken in contact with air finally divided electrolytic silver absorbed 0-0010®™ of iodine in fifteen minutes, that silver reduced by zine from silver iodide absorbed 0:00128™ of iodine in fifteen minutes, that silver reduced from the sulphide by hydrogen took up 0-00826™
Gooch and Perkins—Determination of Free Iodine. 37
of iodine in one hour, and that crystalline electrolytic sil- ver took up 0:00518™™ in one hour and forty-five minutes.
This action of air once shown, the next step was to investigate the behavior of silver in contact with potassium iodide pro- tected from the action of the air. Im Table III are recorded
Tasxe III. The Action of Silver upon N/10 Iodine in an Atmosphere of
Hydrogen. Inerease in Average Silver Iodine weight of Error in error in taken taken iodine iodine iodine erm. erm. erm. erm. erm. (A The action of silver reduced from ‘AgCl by zine and treated with KI. 3°0000 0'6461 0°6464 + 0°0008 1:0000 0°6447 0°6448 + 0°0001 + 0°0002 (B) The action of silver reduced from AglI by zine and treated with KI. 3°6293 0°3217 0°3221 + 0°0004 3°2049 0°3217 0°3225 +0°0008 3°0000 0°3217 0°3219 + 0°0002 3°0068 0°3217 0°3212 —0°0005 3°0049 0°3217 0°3221 + 0°0004 3°0026 0°6434 06441 + 0°0007 2°9990 0°3217 0°3214 — 0°0003 3°0005 03217 0°3214 — 0°0003 +0:°0002
The action of
(C) silver reduced from Ag.S by hydrogen and treated with KI.
3°0000 0°6461 0°64638 + 0°0002 3°0000 0°6461 0°6460 —0:0001 +0:0001 (D) The action of silver reduced from Ag.,O by hydrogen. 3°0000 0°6434 06443 + 0°0009 3°0000 0°6434 0°6430 —0'0004 +0:00085 The action of silver reduced electrolytically from AgNOs. 4°4189 0°6447 0°6447 +0:°0000 3°0025 0°6447 0°6448 +0°0001 3°0009 0°6447 0°6443 — (0004 3°0157 0°6447 0°6445 —0°9002 3°0000 0°6447 0°6444 —0°0003 3°0000 0°6447 0°6452 + 0°0005 3°0004 0°6447 0°6443 —0°0004 3°0043 06447 0°6443 —(0°0004 3°0000 0°6434 0°6430 —0°0004 3°5810 0°3217 0°3221 +0°0004 3°0000 0°3217 0°3219 + 0:°0002 —0°0001
38 Gooch and Perkins—Determination of Free Todine.
the details of experiments in which the standard N/10 solution of iodine in potassium iodide was shaken N/10 silver in flask filled with hydrogen and closed.
These results make it plain that free iodine may be deter- mined with accuracy in the presence of potassium iodide b shaking the solution with metallic silver in a closed flask filled with hydrogen and determining the increase in weight of the ~ silver. Silver reduced from a silver salt by zinc or from silver sulphide by hydrogen may serve the purpose, provided it is subjected to a preliminary treatment with potassium iodide, and silver reduced from the oxide by hydrogen is also service- able; but the best form of silver, and the one most easily prepared in the pure state, is that deposited electrolytically upon a small oscillating cathode of platinum from a solution of silver nitrate, the platinum anode bemg enclosed in a porous cell. The shaking of the silver may be done by hand or by some simple form of mechanical shaker like that described in the figure. The time required for the absorption of approximately 0-658™ of iodine in 50°™* of liquid was 15 to 25 minutes. The mean error of the eleven determinations in which electrolytic silver was employed proved to be —0-00018™ between extremes of - +0:0005 and —0-00048™.
To test the accuracy of the process in alkaline solution experiments sinitlar to those above were made, in which the
TaBLe IV. The Action of Silver upon N/10 Iodine in an Alkaline Solution.
Increase in
Silver Iodine weight of Error in Average taken taken silver iodine error grm. erm. erm. gTm. erm. (A) The action of silver shaken in air with NaHCO3. 2°0110 Orally 0°3221 + 0:°0004 3°6684 0°3217 0°3219 +0:°0002 3°0056 0°3217 0°3235 +0°0018 3°0093 0°3217 ' 0°3245 +0°0028 3°0058 0°3217 0°3224 + 0:0007 3°6686 O°3217 0°3243 +0:°0026 2°9993 Os 27 0°3261 + 0°0044 3°0013 Os 20g 0°3235 +0°0018 3°0014 0°6434 0°6485 +0:°0051 +0°0022
(B) The action of silver shaken in an atmosphere of hydrogen with NaHCOs.
3°0014 0°3217 0°3216 —0:°0001 3°0169 0°3217 0°3216 — OL OOM 3°0083 06434 0°6433 —0°0001 3°0016 0°2500 0°2503 +0°'0008
3°0069 0°3217 0°3219 + 0'0002 +0:0001
Gooch and Perkins—Determination of Free Iodine. 39
mixture of silver and iodine was made alkaline by adding about 10™* of a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. The results of the experiments in Table IV, which show irregularities when made in air and a very high degree of accuracy when the shaking was done under hydrogen, prove the absorption of iodine to be equally as exact in the alkaline as the neutral solution.
The process described, in which free iodine is absorbed by electrolytic silver under hydrogen, either in neutral solution or in a solution made alkaline with an acid carbonate, should be applicable in many analytical operations, as well as in the gravimetric standardization of the usual iodine solution of volumetric analysis.
40 Bowles—Pyromorphite from British Columbia, Can.
Art. VIL—Pyromorphite from British Columbia, Canada ;* by O. Bow ss.
Introduction.—During the summer of 1907 Prof. W. A. Parks of the University of Toronto visited the Society Girl Mine in Southeastern British Columbia, situated a short dis- tance east of the famous St. Eugene Mine in the Moyie Dis- trict. Here he collected a large number of well-crystallized specimens of pyromorphite, which were brought to the Min- eralogical Laboratory of the University of Toronto, where the writer was permitted to investigate them.
General description.—In this locality the pyromorphite is found in association with galena and cerussite in the fractured country rock. The cerussite and pyromorphite appear to be of secondary origin through the decomposition of galena in frac- ture cavities. A white clay surrounding the pyromorphite crystals suggests the probable action of percolating water, which may have supplied the phosphorus from organic matter at higher levels.
The mineral occurs in the form of densely crowded erystal ageregates. Most of the crystals are wax-yellow in color, while some are ereen; and these two varieties exhibit some interesting differences which are described later. The crystals are brittle, of a resinous luster, and in their property of light transmission vary from opacity or sub-translucency in the larger to clear transparency in many of the smaller ones.
Crystallography.—The crystals are of one type only, being prismatic or slender acicular in habit. ‘They occur in three ways: (1) as separate individuals, (2) in radiating @ groups, or (3) in tapering barrel-shaped agoregates. In some instances the minute radiating erystals, crowded together over the surface, possess a moss-like appearance. The needles may attain a length of an inch or more, but those having faces sufficiently bright to permit measurement with any degree of accuracy are of almost microscopic dimensions. As the crystals are very brittle and easily broken, it was a matter of some difii- culty to obtain specimens with terminal faces. In small, -well-protected pockets a considerable number were found, and about forty-five were studied carefully on the two-cirele goni- ometer of the Goldschmidt type.
Pyromorphite belongs to the hexagonal-bipyramidal class. The forms observed by. me are as follows =
¢ {0001}, m{1010}, @ {1120}, & {1011)) > ey eoeiee
a \4041}, « 13034}, (See fig. 1)
* The data contained in this paper were embodied in a thesis accepted by the University of Toronto for the degree of Master of Arts.
Bowles—Pyromorphite from British Columbia, Can. 41
The basal pinacoid, ¢ {0001}, is very poorly developed. Reflections could be obtained from it on only five of the crys- tals studied. On many of the crystals it was so rough and uneyen that it appeared to be merely a fracture surface. 7
The prism of the first order, m {1010}, is the most prominent form on all crystals, and is usually represented by well-reflect- ing surfaces, from which satisfactory read- ings may be obtained. ‘These faces com- monly exhibit minute longitudinal stria- tions.
A very important fact which has not, to the writer’s knowledge, been as yet ob- served is to be noted in connection with the prismatic faces. They do not exhibit an absolute parallelism, but converge slightly toward the upper end of the caxis. From this it would appear that the symbol 41010} is only approximately correct, the true prism faces being replaced by vicinal planes which depart from the theoretical position of the real prisms by a definite measurable angle. Only in exceptional cases are true prism faces present, for almost invariably they are replaced by these vicinal planes. The readings for all the faces in the prismatic zones of twenty-one crystals give a mean angle of 89° 33’ between the normal and the. vertical axis. The Miller symbol thus becomes {135° 0° 135°1{. The frequent recurrence of these faces, indicating an approximately constant deviation from the theoretical value, gives weight to the theory of 8S. M. Websky,* that vicinal planes are not accidental, due to distortion of the crystal, but that they follow some definite law which has its foundation in the internal molecular arrangement. In the table of angles it will be noted that the other forms show considerable variation from the calculated values also, but it must be remembered that the values for these forms were obtained from poorly reflecting surfaces, while in the case of the prism faces well- defined images were obtained.
The prism of the second order, a@ {1120}, was observed on two crystals only, the faces being very narrow, and in some instances curved. As shown by the table on page 42, the read- ings are, however, sufficient to indicate that the faces are undoubtedly prisms of the second order.
The unit bipyramid, w {1011}, is the most prominent of all the pyramidal forms. The faces are in most cases very dim,
* Zeitschr. d. d. Geolog. Ges., xv, p. 677, 1863.
42 Bowles—Pyromorphite from British Columbia, Can
and on the goniometer give no distinct signals. The bipyramid y §2021t was found on three crystals only, and in each case the faces were very indistinct. They are proportionally very much smaller than the faces of the unit bipyramid. The bipyramid 7 {4041} was observed with very narrow edges on one crystal only. As no distinct images could be obtained from these faces, several readings were taken, and the results averaged.
The bipyramid ¢ {3034} isa new form. It was represented on six of the erystals, and, though the faces are extremely minute, the averages of a large number of readings approxi- mate to the theoretical values so nearly that the form is estab- lished with certainty. The average reading of four ot the best faces gives a value 32° 28’ for the angle p, the caleulated value bene (32> 31. ae form having this symbol is recorded for apatite, which also belongs to the hexagonal- bipyramidal class. The bipyramid of the second order, s 1212, is the only form recorded by Dana or Goldschmidt ich finds no representa- tion on these crystals.
All forms observed by me, as well as those given by Dana, together with their calewated and observed angles, are indicated in the following table :
TABLE OF ANGLES.
p 9 aa ahr = = = Forms Ob- Calcu- Ob- Caleu- Dana Bowles served lated served lated e {0001} {0001} O° 08 0° ge naa m {1010} {1010} 90° 03° 90° 0° 0° Vicinal Soy Bey Cer eee On eee q@ 41120} {1120} 90° 07' 90° 30° 04 tate ea LOAM {1011} 40° 37’ 40° 22! Oty 0° y {2021 12021} D9 NG. 59 32" OS 0° a {4041} {4041} (OO (o> Be 0° 06’ 0° Shea res NEL SU mile Oye Re a TENE 55° 49! Bee) 2 30° rap mess Me. {3034} 32° 28) Bo Bil! 0°10 0°
Chemical Analysis.—As extremely pure crystals of both the yellow and green varieties were at hand, it seemed advis- able to make an analysis of each in order to obtain if possible some adequate explanation for the variation in color. The chemical analysis was, in general, based on the method outlined bye Medicus.~ Whe results are as follows:
*Chemische Analyse; Kurze Anleitung zur Gewichtsanalyse, Dritte Aufiage, p. 91, 1897.
Bowles—Pyromorphite from British Columbia, Can. 48
Yellow Variety Green Variety
TEEN ONY = ea ee 80°20% 80°13% ia Orr a ees eyed 0°59 0°56 Pre Opps en. 5. Se RORSO 0°46 12)! ana ere 16°12 15°65 ANSE aS aati A Pel 0-41 0-90 OL a ante Cer ates 2°52 2°59 CA ee ee Fate oe trace ee PSO] fore ste ee So = 0-08 0°05 100°78 100°34 Less oxygen equiva- lentiet Chee te). 0°57 0°59 100°21 99°75
Although there is considerable difference to be observed in the results of these two analyses, such as the striking variation in the amounts of iron and arsenic, it can, nevertheless, be shown that the analyses are to be relied upon; for if the mole- cular ratios are calculated from the above determination, it will be seen that in each case the results point to the generally accepted formula for pyromorphite.
Yellow Variety Green Variety
Molecular Ratios Molecular Ratios
li VW IIT I II III Fane) sj... 0°324 0°328 aerex sis: 0-010 0°346 9°03 0°010 | 0°340 8°95 BeOe re ., O'O12 0:007 iO. Rae EA a 0°0138 3°00 0110 3°00
0°115 0°114
As.O. ee 0°002 0°004 |2(015) Se 0-036 . 0°036 0°94 0:037 0°037 0°98
Since the combined molecular ratios of the oxides of lead, calcium, and iron, and the pentoxides of phosphorus and arsenic, are almost exactly in the proportion 3 to 1, we may assume that those values are very nearly correct. Henceif we give to the combined ratios of the pentoxides of phosphorus and arsenic the value 3, we obtain the simplified ratios in columns III. Im each case these are approximately 9: 3:1, which, as remarked above, is in close agreement with the generally accepted formula 9PbO.3P,0,.PbCl,, or in more simplified form Pb,Cl (PO,),.
In some cases the green color has been accounted for by the presence of a small amount of copper, but here no trace of copper is to be found. Leonhard* states that the yellow
*N. Jahrbuch fiir Min. und Geol., 1867, p. 449.
44 Bowles—Pyromorphite from British Columbia, Can.
variety differs from the green only in its smaller content of arsenic. He records an analysis which indicates that the green pyromorphite contains 0°66 per cent arsenic pentoxide, while the yellow variety contains none. The analyses given above show a somewhat similar relationship ; for, although arsenic is present in both, there is a larger per cent in the green variety. ‘This’ fact, and the presence of a larger quantity of iron oxide in the yellow variety, are the only marked ditfer- ences brought out by the chemical analyses.
Specific ” Gravite y.—This was determined by means of a Muthmann capillary-tube pyenometer. Extremely pure material of both varieties was obtained, and a comparatively large amount (about eight grams) was used, in order to imsure accurate results. Crystal fragments about the size of fine shot were employed. Several determinations were made, and the results are tabulated below :
Yellow Variety Green Variety
De 2 Ree tare cts TO11 7°055 TRA eae eae 7°016 7°052 LUD) eee eae 7°012 7046 UA Aeepatiee soe ete ely) 7°014 7°053 INV CRA OC Matis Bie s 8 7013 7051
From the above results it is evident that the green pyro- morphite has a higher density than the yellow. Dana* gives the specific gravity of the pure mineral a rather wide range, varying from 65 to 71. This British Columbian pyro- morphite then approaches the higher limit set by Dana. The results obtained are slightly higher than those of Bauer,+ who gives a variation of 6°9 to 7-0.
In conelusion I desire to acknowledge valuable assistance rendered by Prof. T. L. Walker of the University of Toronto, under whose direction the investigations were conducted. I am indebted to Prof. W. A. Parks of the same institution for selecting the material, and for information regarding its occur- rence and associations.
Mineralogical Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., March 8th, 1909.
* System of Mineralogy, p. 770. + Lehrbuch der Mineralogie, 2te Auflage, 1904, p. 800.
A. 0. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie. 45
Arr. VIII.—On the Application of the Term Laramie ; by A. C. Prauu:
Two publications* by Mr. A. C. Veatch “ On the Origin and Definition of the Geologic term Laramie ” seem to me to call for notice because of an apparent misapprehension on the part of Mr. Veatch of the origin of the name Laramie and as to its use especially at the time it was given. It is also the more necessary to come back to the original definition and applica- tion because so many geologists "and paleontologists have applied the name to beds that do not fall within the limits of the definition. That corrections can now be made is largely due to the discovery by Mr. Veatch in the Carbon and Evan- ston regions of Wyoming of an unconformity just above the beds that should be correctly referred to the Laramie in accordance with the original definition, thus repeating west of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains the discovery made by Cross and Eldridge of the Post-Laramie break east of the mountains in Colorado in 1888+ and reiterated by them in 1896.
Witat I wish to show in this paper is, first, the original use of the name Laramie; second, why the original name should hold to-day just as when first defined; third, that the con- clusions of Mr. Veatch, based as I think upon false premises, are not verified by the facts; and fourth, that a new name is not necessary even according to Mr. Veatch’s own supposed
evidence.
Asa member of the Hayden Geological Survey at the time the term “ Laramie” was first proposed and used by both the Hayden and the King organizations, and as one of those who first used it, a statement of my recollection may be of some interest here. Just at the time the work of the Exploration of the 40th Parallel, under Clarence King, was approaching com- pletion, and their geological maps were being colored, the work of the U. 8. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories had also reached the stage when it became neces- sary to color the maps of Colorado, upon which field work was begun in 1878 and finished in 1876. As two of the maps of the former organization adjoined the work of the Hayden Sur- vey along the northern line of Colorado, it was deemed desir- able that there should be some correlation, in terms at least, where the work joined. There was substantial agreement as
* This Journal, vol. xxiv, pp. 18-22 (an abstract), July, 1907; and Jour. of Geol., vol. xv, pp. 526-549.
+ Proc. Colo. Sei. Soc:; vol. iii, p. 97. ¢U. 8S. Geol. Survey Monograph, vol. xxvii.
46 <A. C. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie.
to most of the formations, about the only difference being as to the age of the beds resting conformably upon the Fox Hills Cretaceous of Hayden as exposed along the line of the Union Pacific Railway and to the eastward of the foothills of the front range of Colorado, where they were usually designated by Hay den and the members of his sur vey as the lignitie beds of eastern Colorado or the lgnitie coal group of the eastern slope. These beds were considered by King to be of Cretace- ous age, while Hayden was inclined to consider them as belong- ing to the Tertiary. At this time Clarence King wrote* to Dr. Hayden asking him to propose a name for these debatable beds—debatable only as to age, for both agreed. as to their stratigraphic position. In reply to this letter Hayden sug- vested the name Laramie, which was accepted by King as indicated by him on page 831 of the volume on Systematic Geologyt where he says: “‘ During the slow gathering of the evidence which shall finally turn the seale, I proposed to Dr. Hayden that we adopt a common name for the group, and that each should refer it to whatever age his data directed. Accordingly it was amicably agreed between us that this series should receive the group name of Laramie, and that it should be held to include that series of beds which conforma- bly overlies the Fox Hills.”
In accordance with this, in coloring the geological map of Colorado we designated the beds above the Fox Hills as Laramie and in referring to their age called them Post-Ore- taceous. There was no type locality so far as we were con- cerned, nor was there any such idea in the mind of Hayden. He proposed the name partly because it was a euphonious name and a broad one as he conceived it, the beds outcropping not only in the Laramie plains but also on both sides of what was then sometimes known as the Laramie range, and also in the vicinity of the Laramie River. It was also proposed by him partly out of compliment to Clarence King, who was then working in what Hayden termed the Laramie plains, he using the term in its very broadest sense as reaching from the Lara- mie Range to the Wahsatch Range.§
* Clarence King’s letter was found by the writer among the papers of Dr. Hayden after his death. The name Laramie does not occur in it.
+ U. S. Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, vol. i, 1878.
t Dr. C. A. White, in an interview (March 24, 1909) with the writer, con- firms the statement as to the origin of the name Laramie and says further that the last time he talked with Dr. Hayden the latter protested against his (White’s) having once used the term ‘‘ The Laramie Group of King,” when he (Hayden) was the author of the name.
§ ‘This great area [Laramie Plains] might be called a park; it is enclosed on three sides by extensive mountain ranges, but on the west its limits are not well defined, inasmuch as no mountain ranges of any importance inter-
vene until we come to the Wahsatch Range in Utah.”—Report U. S. Geo- logical Survey Wyoming for 1870 (1871), p. 121.
alt
A. C. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie. 47
He also believed that the ‘area for the solution of the question [the relations of the well-defined Cretaceous group with the Lignitic] lies in the Laramie plains and westward towards Salt Lake.”’* It was intended that the name should eover all localities in which the beds occurred. If any locali- ties should be considered as typical localities they would be those mapped by us along the Front Range in eastern Colo- rado, and by King along the Range in Wyoming. That Clarence King had no type localities of the Laramie plains in his mind is also evident from the fact that immediately fol- lowing his definition of the Laramie he gives as localities of its occurrence the following in eastern Colorado, just north of the area in which the Hayden Survey was at work :
°
Parks Station, Colorado,
6 or 7 miles west of Carr’s Station, Colorado, West of Greeley, Colorado,
Crow Creek, Colorado, and
Platteville, Colorado.
These are followed by references to “good exposures of Laramie” east of Separation, and at other localities along the line of the Union Pacific and in northwestern Colorado.+
King refers to the exposures in Colorado as follows: ‘“ The upheaved sedimentary rocks along the eastern foothills of Colorado Range offer several admirable sections from the base of the Cretaceous far up into the series, and these exposures have formed the subject of continued study byes Eo Vv. Hayden and the late Prof. F. B. Meek. ‘The section, as elabo- rated by them, has been constantly re-observed by us with such concurrence of result that we have cheerfully adopted their nomenclature from the base of the series up to the sum- mit as defined by them.’’t
King, after summarizing the Cretaceous series as defined by Meek and Hayden up to and including the Fox Hill Group, says:§
“ Here, with those who follow Hayden, the Cretaceous series comes to an end. Conformably over this [Fox Hill Group] lies the group which Hayden and I have agreed to call the Laramie, which ts his Lignitic Group, and is con- sidered by him as a transition member, between Cretaceous
*Aun. Rpt. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Surv. of the Territories for 1873 [1874], p. 26.
+ It is interesting to note that Carbon, Wyoming, does not appear in the list, and that Carr’s Station is only about 24 miles east of the lower end of the Laramie hills, while the other localities are within short distances to the east and southeast of the mountains.
¢ U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, vol. i, Systematic Geology, p. 297. $ Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, Systematic Geol., vol. i, p. 848.
48 A.C. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie.
and Tertiary. There is no difference between us as to the conformity of the Laramie Group with the underlying Fox eile, wlite 1s simply a question of determination of age upon which we differ.”
The italics in this quotation are my own. King is in error as to the inclusion in the Laramie by Hayden of.the Fort Union or of all the lignitic beds. Hayden’s last word on the subject is the following :*
“Tf objection is made to the nse of the term ‘Lignitic’ Group I would say that, in this work, it is restricted to a series of coal-bearing strata lying above the Fox Hills Group, or Upper Cretaceous, and these are embraced in the divisions Laramie and Fort Union Groups. It is well known that there are in various parts of the West, especially along the fortieth parallel and southwestward, very thick beds of coal in the various divisions of the Cretaceous, extending down even into the Upper Jurassic. Had this not been the case, the more general term Lignitic would have been retained by this Survey in preference to any other.” “It is also probable that the Wahsatch Group as now defined and the Fort Union Group are identical as a whole, or in part at least.”
Historically we find the first mention of the term Laramie in an author’s proof of a Geological map No. II of the 40th Parallel Survey. by Clarence King and 8. F. Emmons. This map was dated November 15, 1875, and noticed in this Journal, 3d series, vol. xi, No. 62, p! 161, Feb. 1876. But neither on the map, which covers the Green River Basin, nor in the notice, is there any definition of the term. On the map cer- tain areas are colored to represent the formation beginning with the region to the west of Oyster Ridge, including the vicinity of Rock Springs, Point of Rocks, and Black Buttes, and extending on the east to Creston and a narrow strip of country reaching southward from that station of the Union Pacific Railroad. On the southern part of the map are sev- eral small areas adjacent to the Uinta Mountains that are also referred to the Laramie. It is noticeable that Carbon is not included within the limits of the map. This map is referred to by Hayden in his “ Notes on some Artesian Borings along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad in Wyoming Territory,”+ in which article for the first time he uses the term Laramie,
which he does in strict conformity with the coloring of King’ S map, which he evidently had before him as he wrote.
In this article also Hayden repeats his division of the Ter- tiary into four series as laid down in his report for 1870 (p. 74), the first two being the following :
* Report U.S. Geol. Survey of the Territories, Tertiary Flora, 1878, p. iv, also p. Vv.
+ Bulletin U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, vol. iii, No. 1, pp. 181-185, April 5, 1877.
A. C. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie. 49
“ First Series—The coal strata, Lower Eocene, character- ized by numerous impressions of deciduous leaves, marine and fresh water J/ollusca.
Second Series.—Arenaceous, Upper Eocene, characterized by a profusion of fresh water shells, as Unio, Goniobasis, Viviparus, Lymnaea, ete. and a portion of these being casts.”
On the next page, he says “The first series is the Laramie or Lignitic Group; the second, the Wahsatch or Vermillion Creek group, the former name having the priority, and:hav- ing been attached to the great group of reddish sands, clays, and conglomerates, west of Fort Bridger in 1870. This group has been found to extend southward through western Colorado into New Mexico.”*
As just noted, Hayden considered the Wahsatch and Fort Union to be identical in whole or in part, a position that Dr. Knowlton informs me was verified by him by his field studies in 1908. In the diagrammatic section accompanying his paper Hayden shows the Laramze divided into two groups resting upon the Fox Hills.
The next one to use the term was Dr. C. A. White,+ who in the same volume of the Bulletin gives two generalized sec- ‘tions; one of the Green River Region, in which he places the Laramie Group in its proper place above the Fox Hills Creta- ceous, and the other a section in the Upper Missouri River region in which the Laramie does not occur, but in which the Judith River Group is placed between the Fox Hills and the Fort Union.
In the descriptive Geology, vol. 1, of the Reports of the Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, which bears the imprint of the year 1877, Mr. Arnold Hague gives on page 60 the first printed description ot the Laramie, beginning: “ The Fox Hill strata pass by imperceptible gradations into the Lara- mie series, offering no well-defined lnes of separation, both formations from top to bottom consisting of coarse sandstone.” Mr. Hague, after describing the geology of the Cretaceous plains of Colorado, on the succeeding page (61) presents the first section ever published of the Laramie which was measured at the extreme northern limit of the Laramie formation about 18 miles southwest from Cheyenne, and 5 or 6 miles west from Carr Station on the Denver Pacitic Railroad.
This section, if any should be so considered, would be the typical Laramie section. Other Laramie localities east of the Colorado Range and the Laramie hills he describes in follow- ing pages. When Hague described the Carbon Basin it is evident from the description (pp. 143-148) that considerable
* U.S. Geol. and Gcograph. Surv. Ter. Bull., vol. iii, p. 184.
+Ibid., No. 3, pp. 608, 609, May 15, 1877.
Am. JOUR. ae ae SERIES, Vou. XXVIII, No. 163,—Juxy, 1909.
50 A. C. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie.
doubt existed in his mind as to the exact age of the beds exposed at Carbon. On p. 144 he says “In determining the true horizon of these beds, however, it is necessary to trace out their relations with the oreat sandstone for mation, which forms all the higher ridges of the region, and to compare the strata with other similar localities of Laramie or supposed Laramie described in the remaining portions of the Report. In the Annual Report for 1876 of the U. S. Geological and Geo- graphical Survey of the Territories, published in 1878, the reports of the geologists, which were prepared dnring the year Si. all contain the term Laramie and the beds are repre- sented and so named on the maps in the atlas of Colorado
which bears the imprint of 1877 although not actually issued _
until 1878.*
The Atlas of the 40th Parallel Survey, on which the Laramie is also shown, bears the imprint of 1876, but was not issued until a later datet+ (1877 or 1878 2).
It is evident, therefore, that the term came into use in both the King and ‘the Hayden organizations at about the same time.
Having given the facts as to the name and original use of . the name “ Laramie,” I now wish to show that the definition
holds just as good to- “day as when made and that, notwithstand- ing the mistaken application of the term to beds of older as well as of more recent age, there still remains the set of beds to which the name of Laramie was originally applied and to. which no other name can logically be applied. As to the age of the beds we are not primarily concerned in this place. As Dr. G. M. Dawson said nearly thirty-five years ago,{ “ much Of the Wditterence “Of “Opiniones pei ee “appears to have arisen from approaching the problem with preconceived ideas, and the attempted application of paleontological generaliza- tions derived from the study of other localities, which have been formulated under too rigid laws.” The confusion in the use of the name is due mainly to the fact that not only have the paleontological collections been too meager, but that the stratigraphical relations have been misunderstood. Beds of various ages have been mistakenly correlated as of Laramie age without the confirmation of paleontological evidence, although we now know that both stratigraphically and paleon- tologically they are utterly different. Thus the beds at Point
* Catalogue of Publications of the U. 8. Geol. and Geograph. Surv. of the Territories, 3d edition, p. 50, 1879.
+ Both the Hayden ‘and King Atlases are reviewed in this Journal, 3d series, vol. xv, May, 1878, King” s on p. 396 and Hayden’s on Pp. 397. The former is said to have been ‘ recently issued” and the latter ‘‘ just issued.”
+ Geol. and Resources of the Region in the vicinity of the Forty-ninth Parallel, 1875, p. 184.
A. C. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie. 51
of Rocks, Wyoming, supposed by King to be of Laramie age, were shown by Stanton* to belong to Montana. Cross and Eldridge in 1888 described an unconformity above the Lara- mie in the Denver Basin in Colorado and restricted the term Laramie in accordance with its original definition to the beds resting conformably upon the Fox Hills Cretaceous. The Judith River beds, referred at one time or another to all the formations from the Jurassic to the Fort Union, were finally, in 1903,+ referred by Stanton and Hatcher to the Upper Cre- taceous (Montana formation). More recently part of the coal beds of the Raton Mesa region, studied by Mr. W. T. Lee,{ _have been found to be above an unconformity which apparently occupies the position of the break found by Cross and Eldridge ‘above the Laramie in the Denver Basin. Mr. Veatch in his generalized section§ in Carbon Co., Wyoming, shows an uncon- formity separating 6500 feet of beds, which he calls ‘‘ Lower Laramie,” resting conformably upon the Montana formation, from 6000 feet of beds (called “Upper Laramie” by him) tying conformably beneath strata of Fort Union age. The beds just below the unconformity are devoid of plant remains . so far as known at present. There certainly is room here for the Laramie formation and the probabilities are that eventually plants will be found in them and enable us to settle the ques- tion of their age. The beds above the break and between it and the Fort Union are in the Shoshone group as named by Cross.| More recently Dr. F. H. Knowlton has determined the Fort Union age of the Dinosaur (Ceratopsia) bearing beds lying below the well-defined and almost universally recognized Fort Union, by the identification of a typical Fort Union flora associated with dinosaur bones. Knowlton has also referred to the fact that the “ Upper Laramie” or Paskapoo beds of the Canadian geologists are the equivalent of the upper Fort Union and that probably their “ Lower Laramie” or Edmonton beds should be correlated with the lower Fort Union, as both of the latter also contain associated Fort Union leaves and dinosaurian remains.** None of these supposed Laramie beds of the Canadian geologists apparently conforms to the origina! definition.++ It is doubtful if any beds of true Laramie age *Science, N. S., vol. xviii, pp. 211, 212, 1903. +U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 257, 1905. t Lee, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. xx, 1909 (in press). § This Journal, vol. xxiv, p. 18, July, 1907; also in Journal of Geology, vol. xv, pp. 526-549, 1907. | Proc. Washington Acad. of Sciences, vol. xi, pp. 27-45, March 31, 1909. “| Knowlton, Proc. Washington Acad. of Sciences, vol. xi, p. 179 et seq. ** See, also, Geol. Surv. of Canada, Annual Report, vol. ii, for 1886, p. 132, E. If not Lower Ft. Union, they may possibly be Shoshone. ++ McConnell in Geol. Surv. of Canada, Ann. Rept. for 1885, vol. i, 1886,
p. 46 C, refers to the ‘‘ Lower Laramie” as resting sometimes on the Pierre shales but as occurring more often with Fox Hills beds intervening.
52 A. OC. Peale— Application of the Term Laramie.
occur in this region. In view of all these erroneous correla- tions, inevitable though the mistakes were, and in view of the present widely different application of the term as used by various authors, it becomes absolutely necessary that we should return to the original definition and confine the name Laramie to the beds that fit the definition and apply it now and in the future only to such beds. This is all the more necessary inasmuch as the Laramie beds in the original or typical areas in Oolorado east of the Front Range, although restricted in thickness by Cross and Eldridge in taking from the upper part (from above the break) the Arapahoe and Den- ver, are characterized by a flora in which Dr. Knowlton rec- ognizes 123 species, of which only 17 are common to the Laramie and the Montana formations and 21 to the Laramie’ and the Denver. These beds also contain an imvertebrate fauna of about 25 species of fresh and brackish water shells.*
As already noted also, there is according to Veatch a series of from 4000 to 6500 feet of beds in the Carbon and Evans- ton areas on the Union Pacific Railroad which occupy the stratigraphic position of the Laramie above the Fox Hills, but which up to the present time are not known to contain any | fossil plantst but do have some fresh and brackish water shells which alone are inconclusive as to the age of the beds.
After his introduction and a brief account of the confusion in the present use of the term Laramie with a statement of King’s views, Mr. Veatch gives his idea as to the boundaries of the Laramie Plains based mainly upon descriptions by Prof. Cyrus Thomas and Mr. Arnold Hague, and acknowledges that the name has been applied in both a restrictive and a broad sense, crediting Hayden with having used it in both ways. Mr. Veatch then devotes seven pages to Hayden’s investiga- tions, in which he quotes Hayden’s views as to the “ Lignitic Group,” which is somewhat beside the question inasmuch as they relate to what Hayden thought at various times between 1867 and 1875, before the term Laramie was i Then fol- low five pages detailing Hague’s description of the Carbon area and discussion of the age of the beds there exposed, and a statement of ‘‘ Cross’s re- definition, ” after which he gives his “summary and conclusions. These conclusions are identical in his article and in the abstract in this Journal,§ and it is with these alone that we are concerned here.
*U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Surv. of Territories, 11th Ann. Rept., 1879, pp. 165, 190, 253.
+ In the Evanston area a few plants not specifically determinable have been found.
¢t The Journal of Geology, vol. xv, pp. 526-549, 1907.
§ This Journal, voi. xxiv, pp. 18-22, 1907.
A. 0. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie. 53
~Mr. Veatch’s first conclusion,* that the name Laramie is derived from the Laramie Plains, and his definition of the Lara- mie Plains as extending from the Front Range to and slightly beyond the North Platte River, have already been considered in treating of the origin of the name on a previous page, when it was also shown that Hayden was in the habit of using the name in its broadest sense, comprising the entire country between the Front or Laramie Range and the Wahsatch Range.
The second conclusion, that Carbon was a most important locality both paleontologically and economically is undeniably true ; but, although colored on the map as Laramie, the age of the beds examined there was considered doubtful by King and his colleagues I have already shown. It was geologically considered by Hayden very much as by the members of the King Survey. He says,t “ To the geologist this entire region (from Carbon to Rawlins) is one of great interest. Even up to the present time it is invested with much obscurity” ...... “The beds are so complicated” ...... “that it is difficult to unravel their relations.”
That either Hayden or King had Carbon in mind as the locality of a type section of the Laramie, is apparently a pure assumption on the part of Mr. Veatch. Just as the geologists of the King Survey had considerable doubt as to the geologi- eal age of the beds of Carbon, although they colored them on the map as Laramie, so King in his discussion of the Laramie does not mention Carbon, nor does it appear to be mentioned in the volume (Systematic Geology, vol. 1) and the name cer- tainly does not appear in the index. The work of the Geo- logical and Geographical Survey of the Territories did not inelude Carbon, which was within the limits covered by the Survey of the 40th Parallel, and all the work done there by Hayden and his collaborators was simply in the way of recon- naissance work and of the most general character.
The third conclusion of Mr. Veatch§$ contains three state- ments that the facts scarcely warrant: first, that “It was the practice of the Hayden and King surveys to name formations and groups from localities where the beds were regarded as typically exposed”; second, that ‘ the name Laramie was pro- posed and adopted as an exact synonym of Hayden’s Lignitic as defined by him in Wyoming and Colorado,” and third, that “the type locality of the Laramie is Carbon on the Laramie Plains.” :
Mr. Veatch himself acknowledged that ‘“ King used Green River, Bridger, Uinta, Truckee, and other names without say-
* This Journal, loc. cit., p. 19.
+ This Journal, loc. cit., p. 19.
¢ Preliminary Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey of Wyoming, 1870 (1871), p. 1384. § This Journal, loc. cit., p. 19.
dt A. C. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie.
ing the name was derived from such and such a locality.” Hay den did not aways give even names to the beds he studied, as when in his earlier work he gave numbers to his subdivisions of the Cretaceous. It was not therefore the general policy of the Hayden Survey to name geologic formations from any particular localities in which there were type sections. There is no more warrant for assuming that Hayden, when he sug- gested the name Laramie, had in his mind any type locality, such as Carbon as sugested by Veatch, than there is for assuming a type locality for the name Colorado, which was applied by Hayden to the three divisions of the Cretaceous—. Fort Benton, Niobrara, and Fort Pierre—on account of their oreat variability j in western Coloradd and the difficulty of cor- relating them with their equivalents in eastern Colorado.* There was no type-section for the Wahsatch formation, the name applied by Hayden to the variegated sands and clays west of Fort Bridger and in the vicinity of Evanston. The Fort Union Group was the name given by him to beds exposed, not only in the vicinity of old Fort Union, but to those extend- ing northward into the British possessions and southeastward along the Missouri River as far as Fort Clark and as exposed at various places in Wyoming. That there is no type section _at old Fort Union I am prepared to say, after a personal exam- ination of that region in 1907.
That the name Laramie was not used by Hayden as an exact synonym of Lignitic is evident from what has already been said under a previous heading, where it is noted that he melted bork Laramie and Fort Union under the term Lig- s, Lignitic was the broader term.
ea? s explorations began in the Upper Missouri Region in 1855, and although he knew at that time that coal existed in the Dakota group, for some time he regarded the entire Lig- nitig group (excluding of course the Dakota coal).as of Tertiary age. In 1868+ he recognized the existence of coal beds extending into the Cretaceous, and in 1875, just before the introduction of the term Laramie, came to the conclusion that if a division of beds was based upon the presence of coal a readjustment would necessarily follow. He says:{ “If it is true that, taking into view the entire Lignitic area of our western Territories, the coal beds are continuous in every division, from the Jurassic to the suminit of the Upper Lignitie, we might make this general division: Ist, Lower Lignitic group, including all the Lignitic deposits of marine origin ; 2d, Middle
*U.S. Geol. Expl. 48th Parallel, vol. i, Systematic Geology, p. 298.
+ Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, vol. i, No. 2, p. 1 B (prefatory note), 1876.
{ Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, vol. i, p. 406, 1876.
A. C. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie. 55
Lignitic, Gpaine all deposits of brackish water origin; 3d, Upper Lignitic, including all beds of purely fresh- water origin. In my opinion, the first division would include all beds to the summit of the true Cretaceous; the Middle Lignitic embraces my Transition Series, or, if they are not admitted by geologists, I would insist upon their Lower Tertiar y age. The Upper Lignitic, or fresh-water deposits, are of unquestioned Tertiary age”. This makes it clear that Hayden did not intend to include in the Laramie all the beds he had previously referred to the Lignitic, not even his “Great Lignitic’”-—Cort Union) being so included. The term Laramie was used by him and by all the geologists of his survey to include the beds resting immediately and conformably upon the Fox Hills. It was so used in the Reports of the Survey and in the Atlas of Colorado, as also by King and his colleagues in their reports and Atlas. That Cross and Eldridge separated from the upper part of the Laramie formation, as colored in the Atlas of Colorado, the Denver and Arapahoe formations which were found uncontormably resting upon the Laramie, and which they divided into an Upper and Lower division, in no way invali- dated its existence; nor do mistakes in correlation in other localities of beds with the undoubted Laramie accor ding to the original definition along the Front Range in Colorado, whether made by members of the Hayden Survey in southern and western Colorado, by King and his successors in Wyoming, or by the Canadian geologists who call the Fort Union beds Upper and Lower Laramie, destroy the validity of the term. It would matter little if no Laramie were found in central Wyoming below the great unconformity, where it may have been removed by erosion, or that we find that we have to extend the Fort Union downward and find it sometimes resting unconformably upon Fort Pierre Cretaceous without Laramie or even without Fox Hills beds beneath it. That we find in Colorado, Wyoming and Montana a series of beds to which local names have been given, such as Livingston, Denver, Arapahoe, Black Buttes beds, Evanston beds and Carbon beds, all of which he above the great unconformity and below the Fort Union, and which cannot be correlated with either the Laramie or the Fort Union, is a good and sufficient reason to include them under the term Shoshone proposed by Mr. Cross. It may be questioned whether the Black Buttes beds (Aga- thamus beds) should be included in Cross’s Shoshone, but at the present time the preponderance of evidence apparently warrants such a reference. If the unconformity at the base of these beds noted by Meek and Bannister in 1872 and Powell in 1876* should be fully demonstrated, the beds certainly could
* Geology of the Uinta Mountains, 1876, p. 72.
56 A. CO. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie.
not be correlated with the Laramie. Professor Meek,* basing his opinion upon the study of the invertebrates, was inclined to consider the beds as of Tertiary age, the Dinosaurian remains alone indicating any other possible age for them. As to the plants found at Black Buttes there are twice as many species — common to these beds and the Shoshone as are common to the Laramie and the Black Buttes beds, and we know now that Dinosaurian remains are not uncommon in the Shoshone. If it follows “irresistibly ” from what Mr. Veatch has written that Carbon is the type locality of the Laramie, in my opinion it follows just as “irresistibly” from what is outlined in these pages that Carbon is not and never was the type locality.
Mr. Veatch’s fourth conclusion} is that the Hayden and King parties at Carbon studied only the beds above the great unconformity that he, Mr. Veatch, has since determined, and that they considered them conformable to the Fox Hills, and therefore according to Veatch these beds above the break and these only should have the term Laramie. That King and Hayden thought the beds conformable certainly justified them in considering them at the time as Laramie 1n accordance with their own definition and does not militate against the reference to the Laramie of the beds below the break which were not subjected to the same minute investigation as the upper beds. <As to “the absolute necessity of a type locality to afford the means of finally and conclusively correcting inaccurate statements or conclusions of the author or authors of a geologic name,” we at least all agree upon the desirability of such a type locality, although we may disagree as to whether there is one in the present case. Mr. Hague’s con- sideration of the Carbon locality has already been referred to.
The fifth conclusiont of Mr. Veatch, that “the attempt to redefine the term Laramie from the exposures in the Denver region, some 200 miles from the type locality, is therefore not defensible,” embraces several fallacies. In the first’ place there was no redefinition, and secondly, as we have shown, there is no specified type locality 200 miles from the Denver region. If there were such a type locality the Denver region would naturally be a part of it as already shown. No redefi- nition of the Laramie was made by Cross and Eldridge when they restricted it by taking from above it the Arapahoe and Denver. No redefinition was necessary because of their dis- covery of the unconformity at the base of the Arapahoe, for the Laramie, although not so thick as first supposed, was still left below, and was stilt conformable to the underlying Fox .
*U.S. Geol. Surv. of the Territories for 1872, 1878, pp. 529, 530.
+ This Journal, loc. cit., p. 20. t This Journal, loc. cit., p. 20.
A. C. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie. 57
Hills, and the original definition still held good and would hold, though only a few feet of beds had been left in that strati- graphic position.
In his sixth conclusion® Mr. Veatch says, ‘“‘ while strictly speaking the name Laramie can be applied appropriately only to the upper beds (Upper Laramie) and it cannot with any propriety be restricted to the lower beds (Lower Laramie), the consideration that it was proposed for the beds between the Wahsatch and the Marine Montana Cretaceous and has been most commonly and extensively used in this broad sense, has led to the suggestion that the retention of the name in the original sense “will cause the least confusion, and that it there- fore might be expedient to define the Laramie as that series of beds occurring between the Marine Montana Cretaceous and the Fort Union ”.
In the first place Mr. Veatch is not warranted in using the terms Upper and Lower Laramie for his beds, as the Canadian geologists have used these terms since the early eighties (although they have misappled them). It is manifestly an incongruity to include in the Laramie a marine or brackish water series and a fresh-water series which are separated from each other by an unconformity involving, as Veatch says, 20,000 feet of strata. As repeatedly shown in this article, the original definition of the Laramie covers only the beds resting conform- ably upon the Fox Hills. It was not proposed for the beds between the marine Cretaceous and the Wahsatch, and if any of the Fort Union or its underlying beds were included, it was with the mistaken idea that the latter were conformable to the Cretaceous beds below. Veatch’s redefinition of the term would cause more confusion by far than by maintaining the original definition and including in the Laramie beds only the beds below the unconformity, resting conformably upon the Fox Hills.
Bearing in mind the fact that Veatch always uses the name Lower Laramie as the designation of the beds lying below the great unconformity, | contend that even according to his own presentation of the matter the term Laramie should apply to them alone and that no new name is necessary. He sayst: “There are reasons for believing that the enormous develop- ment of Lower Laramie beds in the western part of the Lara- aie Plans?’ 02. more completely represents the Laramie deposition than at any other pot.” Why not therefore keep the term Laramie for them so long as they coincide in strati- graphic position with the beds that we know paleontologically and stratigraphically to be Laramie east of the Colorado or Front Range ¢
* This Journal, loc. cit., p. 20. + This Journal, vol. xxiv, p. 21, July, 1907.
58 <A. CO. Peale—Application of the Term Laramie.
Before concluding this paper the following point should —
e =) e first be emphasized, viz., the importance of Mr. Veatch’s dis-
covery of the great uncon for mity lying above the Laramie, a discovery the value of which ¢an hardly be overestimated. As he himself s a “The discovery of this great unconformity at all points that have been critically examined over an area of 1000 miles north and south and 250 miles east and west; the fact that it occurs on both sides of the Front Range of the Kocky Mountains, and its great magnitude, all make it one of the most important mile posts in the geological history of western North America. All these considerations suggest anew the first conclusion of Cross in the Denver Region, that this unconformity marks the dividing line between the Creta- ceous and Eocene in this region.” “Equally important with this work of Veatch and of Cross is the identification by Knowlton* of the lower Fort Union—the Dinosaur-bearine beds of the Upper Missouri Yellowstone Region—and their more southern extensions in Wyoming and the Dakotas. The misapplication of the term Laramie to these lower Fort Union beds of Knowlton and to the Shoshone beds of Cross was, as already said, inevitable so long as we were in ignorance of this great unconformity and the entire series was supposed to be conformable. |
The one conelusion we come to from what has been detailed in this paper is the following, viz., the name Laramie should be used only in accordance with the original definition of King and Hayden and be applied only to the beds resting conform- ably upon the Fox Hills Cretaceous. Whenever we find beds in this stratigraphic position they should be so referred, especially if they contain a Laramie flora, as noted in the original Laramie beds east of the Front Range in Colorado, where there is also an invertebrate fauna comprising at least ‘twenty-five species of shells.
* Proc. Washington Acad. of Sciences, vol. xi, p. 179 et seq.
a
A. E. Verrill—New Genera and Species of Starfishes. 59
Art. 1X.—Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Starfishes from the North Pacific Coast of America ; by A. E. VERRILL.
[Brief Contributions from the Museum of Yale University, No. LXX.*]
THE species here described were mostly received from the Canada Geological Survey; from the Provincial Museum of British Columbia, through Mr. C. F. Newcombe; from the U.S. National Museum; and from Prof. Kincaid, Washington State University. More detailed descriptions and illustrations have been prepared for publication in a General Report on the Starfishes of that coast, from San Francisco to the Arctic Ocean, which the writer has been engaged upon for several years, and has recently completed, but its publication may be somewhat delayed.
The littoral and shallow-water starfishes are probably more abundant on the coasts of British Columbia and southern Alaska than in any other part of the world. Of Asteriide alone, there are at least 40 species, besides many named varie- ties; of Solasteridee six species are recognized; of Pteraster- idee seven species. A remarkable peculiarity is the number of species having six or more rays, even in groups that are com- monly 5-rayed.
Solaster galaxides Verrill, sp. nov. Figures 2, 2a,
A broad-disked species, usually with nine or ten rays, cov- ered above with very small crowded pseudopaxille, and resembling S. endeca in form and color. 3
Two typical specimens from Victoria have been received from the Provincial Museum of British Columbia. Both have nine rays. The larger has the radii 40 and 110™”; ratios. about 1:2.7. It was orange in life.
There are usually two subequal, rather long, acute, diver- gent Turrow-spines on.each adambulacral plate ; only one dis- tally. On the actinal surface the curved transverse row or comb has usually seven or eight graded spines, the two inner decidedly longer and stouter. The marginal spines are about as in S. endeca, but the infero-marginals are more elongated transversely, and bear a decidedly greater number of more minute spinules.
The synactinal series of pseudopaxille extends only to about the basal third of the free part of the ray. They are rela- tively smaller than in endeca, being here only about half the
* By an unfortunate error the Nos. LX VII and LXVIII of this series were duplicated.
60 A. #. Verrili—New Genera and Species of Starfishes.
size of the infero-marginals proximally. The actinal inter- radial areas are apparently relatively larger than in endeca and bear a larger number of compressed pseudopaxille, the larger ones similar to the infero-marginals and synactinals. They form about sixteen radial rows, the smaller one in the median rows distally. They are covered with a large number of small, rather short regular spinules.
The oral and jaw-spines are much better developed than usual. The four apical spines are very large, strong, and
res ale
Fig. 1.—Pteraster octaster V. Dorsal side; 2% nat. size.
acute. ‘There are six graded furrow-spines on each side. The epioral spines are long and slender. They form two sub- parallel rows of about eight or nine graded spines. The spines in the opposed rows are often bent toward each other and interlocked. The two most adoral are distinctly larger than the others.
Soluster constellatus Ver., sp. nov. Figures 3, 4.
An 8-rayed species with a small disk and long tapered Arms aadi are 21 and (8 "= mratios, aa.ie
The dorsal pseudopaxille are decidedly larger than in Stumpsont V., which it somewhat resembles. They are stel- late in form and usually, where largest, on the disk and base. of rays, they have a single central and about six equally spaced and webbed marginal spinules, which are often fully expanded and nearly horizontal, producing the appearance of a six-
A. E. Verrill— New Genera and Species of Starfishes. 61
petaled flower; the largest ones may have seyen or eight diver- gent spines, and the small distal ones only four or five; the supero-marginal and actinal ones are quite similar. The infero- actinal plates bear a larger number (8-12) of similar spinules. The adambulacral spines consist of a furrow-series with two or sometimes three rather short, tapered spines, and an outer comb of six or seven nearly equal, tapered spines, webbed nearly to the tips; the inner ones are usually rather longer, so that the rows are a little graded. Adoral spines strongly graded, about ten to a jaw, the apical ones unusually stout. The type is from Puget Sound (Prof. Kineaid). This is the only 8-rayed species known to me from that coast. Its large and beautifully stellate paxillee are distinctive.
Pteraster octaster Ver., sp. nov. Figure 1.
Disk large and plump; margins well defined by points of actino-marginal spines; rays eight, short, abont as wide as long, subacute ; the ambulacral grooves turn up but little at the tips. Radii of the largest example, 20 and 30”.
Dorsal surface covered with a thick membrane through which the tips of the spinules show but little as pretty uniformly scattered points; in alcohol they form the apex of small, low, conical, fleshy elevations. Central oscule small, in alcohol inconspicuous, its short spines covered by a soft mem- brane. Ambulacral feet large, in two rows.
Adambulacral spines form combs of five or six spines, of which the innermost is much smaller and more slender than the rest, which are rather stout, tapered, subacute, divergent ; the outer ones longer; the outermost appressed to the surface. Epioral pair of spines long and rather stout, tapered, translu- cent distally. The interradial areas are narrow, with rows of long, stout, imbedded actino-marginal spines, the ends of which project a little at the margin of the disk. Four specimens were sent to me by the U.S. National Museum. Three were from Bering Island, collected by Dr. Stejneger and Mr. N. Grebnitsky in 1888. One was from Kamchatka, collected by N. Grebnitsky.
This is the only Pteraster known which has more than six rays and is therefore easily recognized.
Pieraster hebes Ver., sp. nov.
Disk plump and relatively large, the five rays being very short and blunt, with the ambulacral grooves and plates turned upward and reflexed upon the upper surface nearly to the base of the rays, or about even with the shallow interradial angles. Radii, 22 and 28™™. The central dorsal oscule is well devel-
62 A. FE. Verrill—New Genera and Species of Starfishes.
oped, surrounded with slender webbed, projecting spines in five groups of eight - to ten each. The dorsal surface is covered with a multitude of crowded slender spinules, which project above the marsupial membrane and give almost the appear- ance of velvet pile, but in some places they form more or less evident divergent stellate clusters of twelve to twenty spinules. Seen from within these spinules are slender, 2 to 3™™ long, very divergent, supported by slender columnar paxille. The
HiGyeo:
Fig. 5.—Allasterias Rathbuni V. Dorsal view ; 14 nat. size.
ambulacral grooves aré broad and shallow. The ambulacral plates are somewhat bilobed at the innér ends and distally are somewhat imbricated. The adambulacral spines are long and slender, about five or six in a transverse row, of which the two inner ones are very small and slender, not half as long as the outer ones, of which there are three or four, about 3°5"™ long. The appressed actino-marginal spines are distinctly longer and about twice as stout and blunt proximally, but dis- tally, on the upturned part, where they are crowded, they become about equal in length to the adambulacrals and scarcely
A. FE. Verrill—New Genera and Species of Starfishes. 638
longer ; those near the interradial angles are flattened and enlarged distally; the valves at the peractinal pores between their bases are very acute, small, and slender.
Departure Bay, Br. Columbia, 23 fathoms, mud and sand, 1908 (C. H. Young), Canada Geological Survey.
Hippusteria spinosa Ver., sp. nov.
Very similar in form and size to . phrygiana of the N. Atlantic, but thickly covered with large, tapering, acute spines, usually one to nearly every dorsal plate and 1 to 3 on each marginal. Many of the plates also have large elevated bivalve pedicellariz, but not so wide as in phrygiana.
Departure Bay, British Columbia, 18 fath. (H.C. Young), Canada Geol. Survey ; Puget Sound (Prof. Kineaid).
Tosia arctica Ver., sp. nov. Figures 8, 8a.
Pentagonal with short obtuse rays. Disk thick; margins rounded. Radi 31 and 48™.
Dorsal plates, when granules are removed, are mostly ellip- tical or rounded, well spaced ; granules are angular and coarse, and those of adjacent plates are in contact in alcoholic speci- mens, so that the plates mostly appear hexagonal or penta- gonal; there are usually 6 to 8 marginal and one central granule on the larger plates; some have, also, a bivalve pedicellaria about equal to a granule in size. Marginal plates not very large, closely and coarsely granulated ; the distal ones become less regular, partly rounded, and small. Plates of lower side uniformly coarsely granulated. Adambulacral plates have two short, thick furrow spines and five or six on outer part, often with a pedicellaria of similar size.
Bering Island (N. Grebnitsky, 1889). U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Type.
Asterias (Pisaster*) papulosa Ver., sp. nov.
A very large 5-rayed species, with a high, swollen disk and long tapered rays. adil of a medium-sized specimen, 42 and 210™™ ; ratios, 1:5; rays, 45™" broad at base, 438"™ high. A larger specimen is 660" broad.
The dorsal spines are few, short, thick, tapered, subacute ; they form simple median radial rows ; others are irregularly and
* This subgenus, or perhaps more correctly genus, first indicated by Mull. and Tr. (type P. ochraceus), has monacanthid adambulacral spines and remarkably large sessile denticulate pedicellariz, and usually, in the adult, numerous rows of actinal plates and spines. P. papulosus is an exception, as to the last character. It includes, also, P. fissispina, P. confertus, P.
Iutkeni, P. capitatus, P. brevispina and P. giganteus, all described by Stimpson from the N. P. coast.
64 A. E. Verrilli—New Genera and Species of Starfishes.
Fig. 2.—Solaster galawides V. Profile view of adambulacral spines (a) ; peractinals (6); marginals (c, d); and abactinals (e); x about 14 times.
Fig. 3.—Solaster constellatus V. Lettering as above; x about 10.
Fig. 4.—The same; some of the abactinal pseudopaxille# expanded, and papular pores; more enlarged.
Fig. 6.—Allasterias Rathbuni V., var. anomala ; lettering as in fig. 2; a’, furrow spines; p, p, major pedicellariz and papule. x about 6.
A. FE. Verrill—New Genera and Species of Starfishes. 65
distantly scattered ; distally somewhat in rows; also in ten small clusters around the disk. Papuiar areas very large, with very large dermal groups of minor pedicellariz, and also large wreaths around the spines. Large wedge-shaped denticulate dermal major pedicellariz are numerous. A simple upper row of marginal spines like the dorsals ; infero-marginals much stouter, two to a plate; two regular simple rows of similar stout actinal spines, with many large denticulate pedicellarize between them. Adambulacral spines long and slender in a very regular simple row. Large clusters of major pedicellariz of various sizes, large and small, are attached within the ambulacral grooves. Vancouver I. (Prov. Muss, BoC.); British Columbia (Canada Geol. Survey), and Puget Sd. (Prof. Kin- eaid, type).
Allasterias Ver., gen. nov. Type A. Rathbuni Ver.
Remarkable for the arrangement of the adambulacral spines, in several series, of which one is deeper within the groove on alternate plates. Disk rather large, areolate. Dorsal ossicles numerous, but small, arranged, both on the disk and rays, in a reticulate manner around the papular areas, which are numer- ous, and bear large groups of small papule. Spines numerous, arranged irregularly, or placed around the papular areas, but usually forming a median radial series. Upper marginal plates rather large and stout, so as to form an angular margin, each bearing several spines larger than the dorsals. Lower mar- ginals not close to the adambulacrals, bearing in the type two or three spines, longer than the upper ones. Actinals rudi- mentary or lacking. |
Allasterias Rathbuni Ver., sp. nov. Figures 6, 7.
Rays five, broad at base and rapidly tapering to acute tips. Radii, 25 and 100™™; ratios, 1:4. Small major pedicellariz are abundant all over the dorsal and lateral surfaces.
The whole dorsal surface is conspicuously areolate or reticu- late, the areolations mostly 1:5 to 2™" broad. The dorsal spines are very sinall and numerous, sometimes almost lke round or capitate granules, being scarcely higher than thick,
Fig. 7.—The same, var. nortonensis ; lettering as in fig. 6. x 6.
Fig. 8.—Tosia arctica V. Some of the dorsal interradial plates with granules removed ; 8a, the same, some of the larger radial plates with granules and a pedicellaria; others bared of granules and showing papule ; much enlarged.
Fig. 9.—Tosia granularis, dorsal radial plates, magnified the same as fig. 8a.
Fig. 10.—Asterias (Leptasterias) macropora V. Under side of ray of d-rayed Alaska specimen, with spines removed, showing large size of ambulacral pores; x about 2.
Am. Jour. Sct.—FourtH Serizs, Vou. XXVIII, No. 163.—Juxy, 1909. 5
66 A. EL Verrill—New Genera and Species of Starjishes.
but in other examples clavate or partly acute; they are arranged in single rows on ail the ossicles, so as to form a border around the papular areas; toward the sides of the rays they are distinctly longer and mostly clavate or subacute.
The upper marginal spines form a wide band of small crowded spines, five to ten or more on a plate. They are larger and Jonger than the dorsals, and two or three times as lone as thick, ‘mostly cylindrical or clavate, sometimes gouge- shaped. Below this band there is a broad intermar ginal chan- nel with large papular areas and numerous rather large, pointed major pedicellariz. This channel rapidly widens at the bases of the rays.
The lower marginals form a double‘row, mostly two to a plate; they are similar to the upper ones, but longer and mostly more clavate, often with gouge-shaped tips. Between the upper and lower marginals, at the bases of the rays, a short intermediate row of ossicles 1s sometimes interpolated.
Major or forficulate pedicellarie are usually everywhere abundant, scattered over the surface, between the dorsal, mar- ginal, and actinal spines, and especially on the lateral chan- nels and interradial areas. The larger ones are compressed, rather large, lanceolate or acute-triangular, with a sharp or acuminate apex. Those that are scattered on the dorsal sur- face are much smaller, unequal in size, but similar in form, though less acute.
The type specimens are from Maloska (Prof. Kineaid). Specimens of varieties have also been sent from St. Michael’s Island (L. M. Turner), 1878, No. 3821; Norton Sound (M. Murdoch), 1883, No. 7621, U. S. Nat. Mus. A. amurensis (Lutk.) is probably an allied species. Dedicated to Mr. Richard Rathbun of the National Museum.
Variety anomala V., nov. Figure 6.
This variety is remarkable for the very stout, crowded mar- ginal and adambulacral spines, which are inflated distally and obtuse, with the tips excavate or gouge-shaped. (See fig.) areal spines are small and capitate, but larger than in the type. Radii 23 and 87"™. St. Michael’s I. No. 3821, U.S. N. M.
Variety nortonensis V., nov. Figure 7,
This differs from the type in having the dorsal spines longer
and more acute, and the infero-marginal and actinal spines
longer and more tapered. Norton Sound (Murdock). No. 7621.
A. F. Verrill—New Genera and Species of Starfishes. 67
Asterias (Urasterias) forcipulata Ver., sp. nov.*
A very large species, allied to UV. Linckw. Rays long and slender, gradually tapered; length of ray, 525™"; breadth, 28™™"; disk small. Dorsal skeleton weak, with large papular areas nearly concealed by vast numbers of unusually large minor pedicellarie.
The dorsal plates are small, three or five-lobed or stellate, each of the larger ones usually bearing a rather long tapered subacute spine; these are well spaced and form about five irregular or indefinite rows. The spines are surrounded by wreaths of the large minor pedicellariz, but these also occur: in larger clusters scattered over the integument between the spines. Large major pedicellariz are also scattered over the back; these are stout, ovate-lanceolate, with obtuse tips, which are usually strongly denticulate.
On the sides of the ray and separated from those above by a wide papular band there is a row of small, mostly four- lobed marginals, usually bearing a single long spine. They are connected to those above and below by weak transverse bars, leaving large papular areas between. The spines are rather longer and larger than those of the dorsal surface. Between these and the adambulacral spines there is a single row of stouter spine-bearing plates, the infero-marginals; each corre- sponds to five or six adambulacrals. Most of these bear two long, tapered spines, usually blunt and somewhat flattened or suicate at the tips, rather larger than the upper marginals, usually 7 to 8™™ long. Between their bases there are often scattered large and strong, denticulate, major pedicellarie, similar to those of the back, but mostly stouter and more obtuse ; with these are some that are much smaller, lanceolate, and subacute. ‘The large pedicellariz also occur on the naked spaces below, both on the papular areas and on the adambula- cral plates. ‘Phere are also some small synactinal ossicles con- necting the peractinals with the adambulacrals, but not bear- ing spines. The adambulacral spines form two regular close rows, two on each plate; they are slender, tapered, mostly flattened, subacute, about 5 to 55™™ long. The ambulacral pores are large and form four rows. ~
The dorsal minor pedicellariz are remarkable for their great size and abundance; in life they probably nearly conceal the whole upper surface and spines, and are borne on slender pedicels.
Departure Bay, Brit. Col., 18 fath., gravel (C. H. Young, 1908), Canada Geol. Survey.
* The subgenus Urasterias is now proposed for this species, with U. Linckii and U. panopla Str. of the Arctic. Itis characterized by the absence of spiniferous actinal plates, weakness of dorsal skeleton, great size and abundance of both kinds of pedicellarie. Type U. Linckii.
68 A. &. Verrill—New Genera and Species of Starfishes.
Asterias polythela Ver., sp. nov.
Rays six, stout, of moderate length, rounded and with a firm skeleton. Radii 20 and 80"; ratios, 1:4.
Dorsal surface appears rough and rugged. It bears an irregular number of large, stout, round spines, arranged with- out order, except that in a few places two or three may stand in a median series; elsewhere they may be grouped, 2 to 5, near together, or stand singly. These spines stand on raised central bosses of the plates; they are constricted somewhat at base and then abruptly enlarged below the middle; the termi- nal part is regularly tapered or somewhat acorn -shaped or nip- ple-shaped, longitudinally finely grooved, ending in a blunt apex. They are 2 to 4™ high and 1:5 to 2™™ in diameter, Scattered over the whole surface are many small, unequal, short, acorn-shaped and capitate spines, mostly from 2 to, 4>™ in diameter. The large and small spines are ali surrounded by close wreaths of small minor pedicellarize; clusters of these are also attached to the skin, so that the surface appears to be almost covered with them.
The marginal and actinal rows of spines are pretty regular and smaller than the dorsals. The upper marginals stand mostly one toa plate proximally and two to a plate distally. They are shaped somewhat like the large dorsals and nearly as long, but only about half as thick. The lower marginals are about as long, but stouter; they stand either one or “two to a plate. A short row of smaller spines is interpolated between the upper and lower marginals proximally. The peractinal spines are like the lower marginals proximally and form a regular. row, one to a plate. The adambulacral spines are small, round, blunt, mostly two to a plate, sometimes one in certain parts, divergent and almost concealed by large clusters of small, ovate, major pedicellarie on the inner ones, and clusters of major pedicellariz on the outer ones; many large clusters of major pedicellariz are attached to the inner edge of the plates within the furrow. A few much larger, blunt- ovate, major pedicellariz with finely denticulate jaws, occur on the interradial spaces and between the proximal marginal spines.
The type was taken off the Arctic coast of Alaska by the U.S. R.S. “ Gorwin” in 1885; No. 16889 (U.S: Nati No. 15820).
Asterias victoriana Verrill, sp. nov.
The type of this species is from near Victoria, British Columbia, sent by Mr. Newcombe. Radii, 20 and 95™™; ratios, 1: 4°75. Rays five, stout, rather rapidly tapered. Dorsal
A. E. Verrill—New Genera and Species of Starfishes. 69
skeleton conspicuously reticulated, leaving large papular areas, which are mostly rounded or somewhat elliptical, the trans- verse diameter the greater. The intervening ossicles are strong and prominent above the surface, as narrow convex ridges ; those at the intersections and in the radial rows larger and deeply four to six-lobed, convex in the middle, with a central mammilla and pit where the spine is attached.
The dorsal spines consist of two very unequal kinds. The Jarger ones are few in number and are widely scattered, except in the median radial line, where they form a pretty "veoular row; the others stand somewhat in quincunx, but may belong to about three impertect rows on each side. These spines stand on the larger plates at the intersections of the reticula- tions. They are rather large, short, and thick, not much higher than broad, with enlarged, truncate or capitate tips, striated on the sides and rough on the top. They are about 1:5"" broad. Between these there are many very small incon- spicuous spines, arranged mostly in single rows along the narrow ossicles that form the sides of the reticulations. Some of them are acute, but most are shghtly clavate with rough or spinulose tips. Both kinds are scattered irregularly on the central area of the disk.
Small minor pedicellariz are thickly scattered over the whole surface between the spmes and on the papular areas, and also form wreaths around the larger spines.
The supero-marginal spines form simple regular rows, and are much like the large dorsals in length and form, but are smaller. The inter marginal channel is well defined and of moderate width. The infero-marginal spines form a regular row, mostly simple, but frequently stand two on a plate dis- tally. They are followed, proximally, by two pretty regular close parallel rows of actinal spines, of about the same size and shape. These three rows of ventral spines are longer than the supero-marginals and less clavate, but about as stout. They are blunt and sulcate at the tips. The first subactinal row extends only to about the end of the proximai third of the ray ; on the proximal fourth there is also a simple row of synactinal spines.
The ossicles of the two marginal rows and next two actinals are thick, nearly equal in size and form, and proximally stand in four or five regular rows; the upper marginals are a little more removed, but the others are closely united in a tessel- lated manner , leaving only small papular pores between them. The exposed ‘part is convex, with facets and pits for the spines. They are shghtly four-lobed, but are so imbricated that they appear squarish with rounded cor ners, or ovate-triangular.
70 A. &. Verrill—New Genera and Species of Starfishes.
The synactinal ossicles are smaller, with an oblong or ellipti- cal surface, and mostly bear a single spine; they extend only to about the proximal third of the rays.
The adambulacral spines stand two on a plate, or else in certain parts one and two alternately, thus forming two or three crowded rows. They are unequal, not very slender, the inner ones slightly tapered, the outer ones stouter, blunt, as long as the ventral spines, but more slender. They increase somewhat in length and thickness toward the mouth.
The two apical preoral spines are rather stouter and shorter than the adorals; their side spines are about half as long and more slender. The epioral spines are like the adorals.
The adoral carina is rather thick and stout, composed of three pairs of contingent plates beyond the epiorals, the third pair bearing two spines. |
Major pedicellarie of moderate size occur among the ven- tral spines and on the lateral and dorsal surfaces, but are not numerous... They are compressed, lanceolate or acute-ovate, with sharp tips.
J. A. Dresser— A Rare Rock Type. 71
Arr. X.—On a Rare Rock Type from the Monteregian Hills, Canada; by Jonny A. Dresser.
[Published by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. |
Tre Monteregian Hills form a well-recognized petrographic province* consisting of eight hills composed of igneous rocks in the St. Lawrence valley extending along a line from Mount Royal at the city of Montreal eastward for a distance of fifty miles. They are a series of volcanic necks or laccoliths intru- sive through Paleozoic sediments. The intrusions took place probably in Devonian times, since which there has been a long period of erosion succeeded by heavy glaciation, thus leaving hills of the butte type and composed of plutonic rocks. They are comparatively fresh and lend themselves particularly well to the method of determination required by the Quantitative Classification, which proves an invaluable aid in correlating them.
The rocks of these hills are those characteristic of. alkalic magmas and the province may be compared to that of Essex county, Massachusetts, the Magnet Cove district, Arkansas, the Crazy mountains of Montana, in the United States of America, or to the Christiania district in southern Norway, or the Kola peninsula, Finland. In each of the hills there is a large development of essexite or theralite, and in all that have been studied in detail an alkali syenite, pulaskite, nordmarkite or nepheline syenite has been found. There is thus quite a wide range of composition between the different rocks of the individual hills. The mean composition of the hills compared one with another also varies considerably, but this variation is expressed in the different proportions of the essexite and syenite groups rather than by the occurrence of widely different rock types. The basic rocks are more extensively developed towards the western end of the group.
St. Bruno Mountain is the local name of the second of the Monteregian Hills from the western end. It is fourteen miles east of Montreal, near the line of the Grand Trunk Railway between Montreal and Portland or Quebec.
Many years ago a rock was noted from this hill by the late T. Sterry Huntt+t to which he gave the name of “olivinitic dolerite or peridotite,” and which is a somewhat different type from any of the series yet described. Hunt observed that olivine was the preponderating mineral in some portions of the
* Adams, F. D., ‘‘The Monteregian Hills, a Canadian Petrographic Province,” Journal of Geology, vol. xl, No. 3. + Geolog y of Canada, 1863, p. 665 et seq.
72 J. A. Dresser—A Rare Rock Type.
rock. The writer in a recent examination, the resnlts of which will be published in a report to the Geological Survey, did not find any part of the rock so rich in olivine as that, but found olivine commonly present up to 25 per cent, as well as could be judged by the eye. The rock is dark greenish black or brown ~ in color. Pyroxene, olivine, biotite, sometimes feldspar and usually specks of pyrrhotite can be distinguished in it by the unaided eye. It is an even-grained, plutonic rock having a rather coarse texture.
In the thin section it is found to be composed essentially of pyroxene, olivine, brown hornblende, biotite, and labradorite. The hornblende and biotite are often intergrown with each other and sometimes with the pyroxene. The accessory min- — erals, pyrrhotite, titanite and apatite, are in their characteristic positions with the earlier constituents. The general order of crystallization has, therefore, been—olivine and accessories ; pyroxene; hornblende and biotite; feldspar. A fresh speci- men, which did not represent the maximum content of olivine seen, was taken and submitted for analysis to Mr. M. F. Connor of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, Canada, who gives the fol- lowing results in column I:
A* ey Ui III IV
SOs er saat 45°37 39°97 48°63 49°02 AL ORs sanG 2 | 8°68 5°32 10°14 KerO? 222s 240 8°63 291 1°54 HeOe 28:00 7.99 3 90 10°46 Mn@s-3s3 alte "19 a2 0°16 NiO + CoOy 17 B20 + hes. et eu! O11 Wore eA 18°67 10°32 on ak 17°25 CAa@ree 14°47 15°18 13°04 8°29 INaO 2") 585 119 "34 1°59 A OS BF 74 "23 0°40 OO Fanon: "62 1:15 cae ee TiO ye doe MESO 4°05 “47 0°99 HOR ven Bess , "BT 2°81 0°75 99°75 99°39 100°13 Baers
*T Palisadose, St. Bruno Mt., Quebec, M. F. Connor, analyst. II Yamas- kose (yamaskite) Mt. Yamaska, Quebec, G. A. Young, analyst. III Bel- cherosé, Belchertown, Mass., L. G. Eakins, analyst. IV Palisadose (olivine diabase) Englewood Cliffs, N. J., KR. B. Gage, analyst.
Calculating the molecular ratios in Analysis I and reducing these to percentages of standard minerals, the norm is found to agree so closely with the estimated mineralogical composi- tion of the rock that it may be safely considered a normative rock.
J. A. Dresser—A Rare Rock Type. 73
Norm PAMOREMILE OS 2k 2 L. 12°23 pAMliionGe <a are) iNepinelimness 2. —.. 2.5.7 2°18 Mromoclase 252 45... 32°22 .total’salie?. 2... 5k. 19°46 iDiopside- 2.2... .- 47°24 Orie a) Fo 2505 Miaenetite 222202 ..5: 3°48 Mimtenites 2 8-289, totalifemie sis. v2: 78°66 CO,, calcite being secondary ‘62 LE QO Ns bess ne ik "88 99°62 The rock thus falls m— wc BSS, 1, We, ial a Re Ee ame ea fa Seah AS Dofemane Order I[_. Peete te. Oe eee LRUMOArare Section 2 (name proposed) eee ee Quebeciare Rang 1 Og HANS RAS aR See EE es Ce (Quebecase mecoion 2“ us ee Ee ee oR tase Ona MOM rane wet Ak et leo: Tealisadose
The new names used above are proposed on the advice of Professor J. P. Iddings and Dr. I’. D. Adams, to both of whom the writer is indebted for advice in the matter.
A rock of closely similar composition has recently been described by Professor J. Volney Lewis* from the Palisades of the Hudson. Thisis a highly olivinitic facies of the diabase of that well-known locality. An analysis of it is given in column IV. From it the name Palisadose has been given to the subrang of the Quantitative Classification, of which it was the first representative rock described.
As the rock from St. Bruno is a distinct phase of the well- defined petrographic province of the Monteregian hills in - which allied varieties are likely to be found, it has been thought that the larger divisions of the Quantitative Classifi- cation might be suitably named as above proposed.
The nearest related rock in the Monter egian series, that has thus far been described, is that named Yamaskite low Dirt Ge A. Young from Yamaska Mountaint in which it oceurs. The analysis of this rock is given in column IJ, while in column IILis given an analysis of Belcherose from Belchertown, Mass., described by Professor B. K. Emerson (U. 8S. G. 8. Mono- graph X XIX, p. 347, 1898).
McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
* Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1907, p. 124. + Report Geological Survey, Canada, vol. xvi.
14 Scientific Intelligence.
=
SCIENTIFIC [NDT EDRGUG EN Cm?
I. CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.
1. Cuprous Sulphate.—A. Recovura has succeeded in prepar- ing this hitherto unknown salt, Cu,SO, Two complex com- pounds of the salt, Cu,SO,.2CO.H,O and Cu,SO,.4NH, had been prepared previously, but when attempts were made ‘to remove the carbon monoxide or the ammonia from these compounds, the | cuprous sulphate was decomposed at the same time. ‘The reason for previous failures to prepare cuprous sulphate lies in the fact that the compound is instantly decomposed by water, and it has at last been prepared by the action of an anhydrous reagent, methyl sulphate, upon cuprous oxide. The reaction produces gaseous methyl ether as indicated by the equation Cu,O +(CH,), SO,=Cu,SO,+(CH,),O. The reaction can be carried out with great ease by heating finely pulverized cuprous oxide with a large excess of methyl sulphate in a flask to 160° C. No precau- tions for the exclusion of air are necessary, but the heating should be stopped as soon as the evolution of gas has ceased, for otherwise a second reaction sets in whereby the product is changed to cupric sulphate by the action of the methyl sulphate. The product is a.grayish white powder which is perfectly stable in dry air. It is only slowly attacked by moist air under ordi- nary conditions, but when it is wet with ether and the ether is allowed to evaporate in the air, it is oxidized with great rapidity, in a peculiar way, forming a mass as black as soot. This black oxidation product when treated with water appears to yield the black oxide Cu,O, which has been described by Rose, and cupric sulphate. The unoxidized salt gives with water cupric sulphate and metallic copper, a reaction which yields a disengagement of heat amounting to 21 calories. This thermochemical relation is opposite to that existing between cuprous and cupric oxides, chlorides and sulphides, where the cuprous compounds are formed exothermically.— Comptes endus, cxlviii, 1105. H. L. W.
2. The Action of Hydrogen Antimonide upon Dilute Silver Solutions. —The familiar precipitate formed when hydrogen anti- monide is passed intoa silver solution is usually regarded as Ag,Sb, formed according to the equation H Sb +3AeNO, —Ag Sb+ 3HNO,. A number of investigators, however, have been led to the conclusion that the reaction is more complicated than the one represented by this equation. HH. Reckiesen has recently made a careful study of this reaction, and has found that in the first place silver antimonide, Ag,Sb, is formed according to the above ~ equation, but that this precipitate then reacts to a considerable extent with the excess of silver nitrate as follows:
Ag Sb +3AgNO,+3H,0=6Ag + H,SbO, +3HNO,.
Chemistry and Phystes. . 75
We have, therefore, as the final product a mixture of metallic silver with much H,SbO, and little metallic antimony, while an _ appreciable quantity of the antimonious acid goes into solution. The reaction is precisely similar to that of hydrogen arsenide _with silver solutions, except that in the latter case the arsenious acid, being more soluble, goes into solution.— Berichte, xlii, 1458. gy WA Ave
3. The Separation of Antimony and Tin.—G. Panosotow has devised a simple and rapid method for the separation of these metals, which can be used in all cases where the antimony is in solution in the trivalent condition. To the solution is added enough concentrated hydrochloric acid to give about 15 per cent of the actual acid, then it is heated to 50-60° C. and a rapid ‘stream of hydrogen sulphide is passed in for 30 minutes. A ‘ yellow precipitate appears at first, but soon the cinnabar-red, anhydrous antimony sulphide is formed, which settles rapidly. The liguidis then cooled below 30° C., and a very moderate stream of hydrogen sulphide is passed in for 10 minutes. Then the precipitate is quickly filtered upon a Gooch crucible, washed with 15 per cent hydrochloric acid which has been saturated with hydrogen sulphide until the tin has been removed, then the hydrochloric acid is removed by washing with strong hydrogen sulphide water. After this the antimonious sulphide is washed successively with alcohol, a mixture of alcohol and carbon disul- phide, alcohol, and ether. It is then dried at 110° and weighed. The tin in the filtrate is precipitated with hydrogen sulphide after partially neutralizing with ammonia, diluting with water, and heating. Test analyses gave excellent results with widely ‘ varying quantities of the two metals.— Berichte, xlii, 1296.
3 Ele lies Wi.
4. The Purification of Sulphuric Acid by Freezing.—It is well known that sulphuric acid containing about 94 per cent of the _ “monohydrate,” H,SO,, yields crystals of the 100 per cent acid upon cooling to about —20° C., and upon this fact is based a method of concentrating such acid upon a commercial scale. Morancé has found that a considerably weaker acid, if of just the proper strength, will crystallize at a few degrees below zero, and will yield a stronger and purer product than the original material. In a case where an impure acid had been frozen so that almost exactly equal weights of solid and liquid were pro- duced, he obtained the following results upon analyzing the products :
Crystals Mother liquor
fonited residues 2%. 22 2. 44,'.0°2320 0°5730 from-and alumina so =... 2: 0°0241 0:0825 Deyo 1) GS eae ee, Oe 0°0275 0°2250 DulpiuriG acide 2-4... 2 82°45 69:1
The results show a particularly good purification from arsenic by the crystallization.— Comptes Rendus, cxlviii, 842. H. L. W.
76 Scientific Intelligence.
5. Heat of Kormation and Stability of Lead and Silver Com- pounds.—The impossibility of predicting from thermochemical data the relative stability of similar compounds of lead and silver has been shown by ALBERT Corson. It might be supposed that the carbonate and nitrate of lead would be more stable than the corresponding silver salts from the following heats of formation :
For PoCO 22 25 2 6660 Omer or TA giC Oa aan ee eae 120800 - “ Difference 25. LS aie 45800 “ Kot Pbh(NO)) 322 ee ees Ae 5 40 Onecare Ror Ao (NO) ot Se ee oat OO Ditkerenee: 2.) apn et O00 Oma
Now while lead carbonate shows the expected greater stability, as it was found to give a vapor tension of one atmosphere at 285° in comparison with 220° for silver carbonate, the nitrates show an opposite relative stability, as lead nitrate gave off red vapors at 283° while silver nitrate was not decomposed even at 350° ina vacuum. ‘The author has previously shown also that in the general reactions of organic substances the results are not necessarily governed by the maximum of disengaged heat.— Comptes Rendus, cxlviii, 837. H. L. W.
6. efraction. of Réintgen Rays.—W. Wien and I. Stark independently have shown that by the application of Planck’s radiation theory to Rontgen rays one obtains wave lengths which agree closely with the values 5-16.10-° cm. obtained by Haga and Wind. In view of this B. Watter and R. Pout have renewed their work upon the subject of the refraction of the rays, and do not find any evidence of this refraction. If this does occur the wave leneths must be less than 1°2.10-°cm. ; a suitably small bundle of the rays through a slit 24 wide at a distance of 80 cm. affords no evidence of refraction. Planck’s wave length deduced from the quantity of energy theory is at the lowest 4°5.10-°em. The authors conclude, therefore, that there is a discrepancy between this theory and their observations, still to be investigated.— Anz. der Physik, No. 7, pp. 331-3854. J. T.
7. Polarization of Roéntgen Rays.—In an investigation upon this subject Haga has stated that the secondary rays are polar- ized by a plate of carbon, and that these rays also are slightly polarized by copper, aluminium and lead. He could not, however, obtain any trace of polarization from the primary Rontgen rays. J. Herweca is led to examine the primary rays proceeding from an anti-cathode of carbon, and obtains evidence, in this case, of polarization. He concludes that the rays from carbon differ in a. marked degree from those coming from metals.— Ann. der Physik, No. 7, pp. 398-400. JE
8. The Absorption of the y-Rays of Radium by Lead.—Various observers have studied this subject, and have obtained exponen-
Chemistry and Physics. apt
tial expressions for the absorption with increasing thickness of lead. Y.Taomrkosxt has used greater thicknesses of lead than Rutherford, McClelland, Wigger and Eve. He finds that the radiation after passing through a noticeable thickness of lead does not diminish exponentially with increasing thickness of lead.— Physik. Zeitschrift, June 1, 1909, pp. 372-874. J: 9. Use of Zine Sulphate in the Braun Tube.—The Braun tube is of great use in the study of alternating currents and an increase in the spot of light produced by the moving beam of cathode rays on the fluorescent screen is very desirable from the photographic point of view. F.Girsren and J. ZENNEcK describe the use of zine sulphide, and show by photographs the advan- tages of its employment.— Physik. Zeitschrift, June 1, 1909, pp. 377-379. Ta. We 10. Die Luftelekirizitdét. Methoden und fesultate der neu- eren Forschung; von Dr. ALBert GockEeL. fp. vi, 206. Leipzig, 1908 (S. Hirzel).—The problem of atmospheric electricity entered a new phase with the discovery of the ionization of gases by Rontgen- and Becquerel-rays and with Wilson’s observation that gaseous ions may act as nuclei for the condensation of water-drops. A great amount of work has been done in the last ten or twelve years, especially by Elster and Geitel and their fol- lowers, which will, doubtless, prove to be of great importance to scientific meteorology. Dr. Gockel has done much work of this kind, and in the present volume he gives a most useful résumé of the methods and results of the modern investigations of this complex and difficult subject. H. A, B. 11. La Materia Rudiante ei Raggi Magnetici ; by Auausro Rieu. Pp. vi, 308. Bologna, 1909 (Nicola Zanichella).—This volume (No. 12 of the series ‘“ Attualita Scientifiche”) begins with brief account of cathode, anode, canal and Becquerel rays. The greater part of the book is devoted to the so-called ‘ Mag- netic rays” to which attention -has recently been directed, par- ticularly by Villard. Professor Righi proposes the hypothesis that these rays are streams of neutral pairs consisting of a positive ion and a negative electron, rotating about each other. He has made many ingenious experiments which are here described, and which appear on the whole to lend support to his hypothesis. There is a mathematical appendix in which the theory of the motion of such systems is discussed. Ei; AGS TB: 12. A Text-book of Sound ; by Evwin H. Barton. Pp. xvi, 687. London, 1908 (Macmillan & Co.).—The author has assumed on the part of the student no previous knowledge of sound and, in mathematics, only a knowledge of the elements of the calcu- lus. Nevertheless a student who reads this book will have an extensive and satisfactory knowledge of all the essentials of the subject. The dynamics of vibrating bodies and of wave motion are neither shirked nor neglected, although (very properly) the more intricate and complicated special cases are omitted. The experimental side of the subject is well and fully treated and in
78 Scientific Intelligence.
general the book is an excellent example of what a text-book on a physical subject for the use of serious students should be. HB: A. B.
138. Applied Mechanics for Engineers ; by KE. L. Hancocex. Pp. x1, 385. New York, 1909 (The Macmillan Co.).—The author’s main purpose, as stated in his preface, is to emphasize the appli- cations of mechanical theory to practical engineering problems. This design appears to have been successfully carried out ; the . numerous problems given are good examples of mechanical prin- ciples and are at the same time stated in terms of angle-irons, fly wheels, governors, and other concrete mechanisms. On the other hand the physicist or mathematician will find much to com- plain of in the loose and often imaccurate definitions and state- ments of fundamental laws and principles. It would seem that even for students of engineering a little more attention to logical relations might be of value. 1B Ny 15)
14. The Absorption Spectra of Solutions ; by Harry C, Jonzs and Joun A. ANDERSON. Pp.110 with 81 plates. Publication No. 110, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1909.—This investiga- tion is a continuation of the work of Jones and Uhler which was begun in 1905 (see Carnegie Publication No. 60). The amount of work performed by the authors is so great as to preclude the possibility of doing it justice in this brief review. Nevertheless the following salient points are especially worthy of notice.
The absorption spectra of solutions, in various solvents, of twenty-four colored salts were photographed from A» 2000 to Ar 7400 and studied in detail. Some idea of the scope and thorough- ness of the investigation may be formed from the fact that about 1200 solutions were studied and that 1138 photographic strips, each corresponding to a different solution, are reproduced in eighty excellent, full-page plates. In general, the authors have been able to draw definite conclusions as to whether a given absorption band is due to ions, or to atoms, or to undissociated molecules, and also as to the existence and relative importance of solvates. Undoubtedly the most interesting and valuable results were obtained in connection with the spectra of the three rare earths investigated and especially in the case of neodymium chloride. When this salt was dissolved in mixtures of varying proportions of water and methyl alcohol it was found that the apparent shifts in the bands were not real, as has usually been believed heretofore, but that the effect observed is the result of the superposition of two distinct sets of absorption bands, the one set being identical with that exhibited by solutions in pure water and the other by solutions in anhydrous methyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol and water gave similar results.
In conclusion, attention should be called to the source of ultra- violet light used by Jones and Anderson, which is a marked improvement over anything employed in the past. Taken as a whole, Publication No. 110 is a valuable contribution to the sub- ject of solutions and absorption spectra. |.) ERSeaGe
Chemistry and Physics. 79
15. Electricity, Sound and Light ; by R. A. MinurKan and J. Mirus. Pp. 389. Boston and New York, 1908 (Ginn & Co.).— “This book represents primarily an attempt to secure a satisfac- tory articulation of the laboratory and class-room phases of instruction in physics.” “It is designed to occupy a half-year of daily work, two hours per day, in either the freshman, sopho- more, or junior years of the college or technical-school course.” This text-book supplements the course contemplated in Millikan’s “Mechanics, Molecular:Physics and Heat.”
The authors have designed (and tested) the entire course in such a wholesome, common-sense way that we are of the opinion that an instructor who adopts their text-books and follows their plans will approximate more closely to ideal conditions of teach- ing-efficiency than can be attaied by the customary scheme of independent class-room and laboratory courses. easy (0g
16. Hinfihrung in die Elektrotechnik ; by C. Hernxzu. Pp. xix, 501; with 512 figures. Leipzig, 1909 (S. Hirzel).—This text embodies, in an attractive and useful form, the author’s course of lectures in the Munich Technical School; it is designed as a connecting link between abstract electrophysics and the technical applications of electricity. The subject matter is treated under the following seven captions: Introduction ; mechanical analogies helpful in comprehending the fundamental phenomena of electromagnetism ; the generation of potential dif- ference; the technical generation of electrical energy; the utilization of electrical power by its transformation into other forms of energy; electrical measuring instruments ; leads and accessory apparatus. The discussions are direct and clear ; the illustrations and mechanical features, without exception, excellent. Topics of the articles are printed on the margin of the page, but there is no index. Dak, Ke.
17. La Machine a Influence, son Evolution, sa Théorie; by V.Scuarrers. Pp. vii, 506; with 197 figures. Paris, 1908 (Gauthier-Villars).—-The purpose of this book, as stated by the author, is to assemble, codrdinate and perfect, so far as possible, all of value that has been published on influence machines. A more comprehensive and detailed description is given, of all of the important influence machines, as well as of electrostatic motors, than is to be found in any previous compilation ; and a serious attempt is made to cover the theory of each part. The author has made a number of original contributions to the subject. His hydraulic models are of some interest ; but of doubtful value in elucidating the principles of the machines. The results of a large number of quantitative measurements are given, showing the quantity of electricity produced per second, the potential differ- ence maintained and the efficiency of the several types of machines under varying conditions of atmosphere and manipula- tion. In all probability the influence machine has attained, in design if not in theory, its final stage of development ; in view
80 Scrventijie Intelligence.
of which fact this rather thorough compilation will prove of per- manent value. It is much to be regretted that books of this type continue to be published without an index. D. A. K.
Il. Grotocy AND NATURAL HIsToRY.
1. Publications of the United States Geological Survey, GeEoRGE Oris Smiru, Director.—Recent publications of the U.S. Geological Survey are noted in the following list (continued from p- 406, vol. xxvii) :
Toroerapuic ATxLas. Twenty-eight sheets. |
Fouios.—No. 164. Belle Fourche Folio, South Dakota. Description of the Belle Fourche Quadrangle ; by N. H. Darton and C. C. OPHarra. Pp. 9, columnar section, 4 maps.
No. 165. Aberdeen-Redfield Folio, South Dakota. North- ville, Aberdeen, Redfield and Byron Quadrangles. Description of Aberdeen-Redfield District ; by J. E. Topp. Pp. 13, 12 maps.
Bu.yetins.—No. 373. The Smokeless Combustion of Coal in Boiler Plants with a chapter on Central Heating Plants; by D. T. Ranpaut and H. W. Werxs. Pp. 188, 40 figures.
No. 374. Mineral Resources of the Kotsina-Chitina Region, Alaska; by F. H. Morrir and A. G. Mapprren. Pp. 103, 10 plates, 9 figures.
WatTER-SuppLy Papers.—No,. 223. Underground Waters of Southern Maine; by Freprrick G. Criapp, with records of deep wells by W.S. Baytry. Pp. 268, 24 plates, 4 figures.
No. 229. The Disinfection of Sewage and Sewage Filter Effluents, with a chapter on the Putrescibility and Stability of Sewage Effluents: by Harte’ Bernarp Puerps. Pp. 91, 1 plate.
No. 230. Surface Water Supply of Nebraska; by J. C. STEVENS. Pp. 251, 6 plates, 5 figures.
No. 231. Geology and Water Resources of the Harvey Basin Region, Oregon ; by Geratp A. Warine. Pp. 93, 5 plates.
Also advance chapters from Bulletin No. 380. Contributions to Economic Geology, 1908, Part I.
2. Geological Survey of Canada, KR. W. Brock, Director. Department of Mines, Geological Survey Branch. Ottawa, 1909.—The following publications have been recently received.
Summary Report of the Director for the Calendar Year 1908. Pp. 220. This report contains a concise statement of the opera- tions of the Survey for 1908. Some of the subjects discussed are the following: The investigation of coal fields in the Yukon ; of copper and gold deposits on Texada island; of the geology of the southeastern part of Vancouver island ; investigation of the Gowganda district in northern Ontario, which is a promising silver camp, having some features in common with the celebrated Cobalt region (see below). E. R. Fairbault notes that the valua- ble calcium tungstate, scheelite, occurs somewhat abundantly at a number of localities in the Moose river gold district, Halifax county, N.S.
Geology and Natural Mistory. 81
Annual Report on the Mineral Production of Canada during the Calendar Year 1906. Pp. 182.
Preliminary Report on Gowganda Mining Division, District of Nipissing, Ontario; by W. H. Corus. Pp. 47, 7 figures and map in separate envelope. . |
Report on Tertiary Plants of British Columbia, collected by Lawrence M. Lamps in 1906, together with a Discussion of Pre- viously recorded Tertiary Floras; by D. P. PENBaLLow. 4to, pp. 167, 32 figures.
Contributions to Canadian Paleontology, Volume III, Part IV. The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress