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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY
OF
ARTS AND SCIENCES.
NEW SERIES. Vol. XV.
WHOLE SERIES. Vol. XXIII.
FROM MAY, 1887, TO MAY, 1888.
SELECTED FROM THE RECORDS.
BOSTON: UNIVERSITY PRESS: JOHN WILSON AND SON.
1888.
xS(o ^
CONTENTS.
Page I. Oxygen in the Sun. By John Trowbridge and C. C.
HUTCHINS 1
II. On the Existence of Carbon in the Sun. By John Trow- bridge AND C. C. HUTCHINS 10
III. On the Existence of certain Elements, together icith the Dis-
covery of Platinum, in the Sun. By C. C. Hutchins
AND E. L. HOLDEN 14
IV. The Action of Fluoride of Silicon on Organic Bases. By
Arthur M. Comey and C. Loring Jackson ... 20
V. Catalogue of all Recorded Meteorites. By Oliver Whipple
Huntington, Ph. D 37
VI. On the Structure of the Frond in Champia parvula, Harv.
By Robert Payne Bigelow Ill
VII. Silicotetrafluorides of Certain Bases. By Arthur M. Comey
and F. W. Smith 122
VIII. An Empirical Ride for Constructing Telephone Circuits. By
William W. Jacques 125
IX. On Tribromtrinitrooenzol. By C. Loring Jackson and
John F. Wing 138
X. The Relative Values of the Atomic Weights of Hydrogen and Oxygen. By Josiah Parsons Cooke and Theodore William Richards 149
VI CONTENTS.
XI. Further Investigation on the Atomic Weight of Copper. By
Theodore William Richards 177
XII. Additional Note on the Relative Values of the Atomic Weights of Hydrogen and Oxygen. By Josiah Parsons Cooke and Theodore William Richards 182
XIII. On Substituted Pyromucic Acids. Second Paper. By
Henry B. Hill and Arthur W. Palmer . . . 188
XIV. Contributions to American Botany. By Asa Gray . . . 223
XV. Experiments on the Blake Microphone Contact. By George
W. Patterson, Jr 228
XVI. Boiling Points of Naphthaline, Benzophenone, and Benzol under controlled Pressures, ivith special Reference to Ther- mometry. By S. W. Holman and W. H. Gleason 237
XVII. Contributions to American Botany. By Sereno Watson 249
XVIII. Wave-Lengths of Metallic Spectra in the Ultra Violet. By
John Trowbridge and W. C. Sabine 288
XIX. Selective Absorption of Metals for Ultra Violet Light. By
John Trowbridge and W. C. Sabine 299
XX. Photography of the Least Refrangible Portion of the Solar
Spectrum. By J. C. B. Burbank 301
Proceedings 305
Memoirs : —
Alvan Clark 315
Charles Smith Bradley #. . 317
John Dean 319
Asa Gray 321
Laurens Perseus Hickock 343
Mark Hopkins 314
Charles Eliot Ware 346
Spencer Fullerton Baird 347
Samuel Gilman Brown 348
CONTENTS. Vll
Matthew Arnold 349
Georg Curtius 354
August Wilhelm Eichler 355
Henry James Sumner Maine 356
Hugh Andrew Johnstone Munro 365
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 370
Balfour Stewart 375
Bernhard Studer 377
List of the Fellows and Foreign Honorary Members . . 381 Ixdex 389
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY
OP
ARTS AND SCIENCES.
VOL. XXIII. PAPERS READ BEFORE THE ACADEMY.
Investigations on Light and Heat, made and published wholly or in part with Appropriation from the Rumford Fund.
I.
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE PHYSICAL LABORATORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
OXYGEN IN THE SUN.
By John Trowbridge and C. C. Hutchins.
Presented March 9, 1887.
Since the time when it was announced that hydrogen existed in great abundance in the sun's atmosphere and was a controlling element in its economy, there have been no more interesting questions in solar physics than those touching the presence of other gases in the sun's body and atmosphere ; and when we consider the important part that oxygen plays in terrestrial affairs, the great variety of combina- tions into which it enters, and its high constituent percentage in the composition of the earth itself, a peculiar interest, second to that of no other element perhaps, attaches to its probable presence in the sun.
The investigation of the spectrum of oxygen as a research by itself, and as connected with its presence in the sun, has occupied many emi- nent physicists ; but the fact that the latest and most complete inves- tigations have left the minds of scientific men still in doubt has led the writers to take up the question again with more perfect and powerful apparatus and increased facilities, in order if possible to add something to the knowledge of the subject. vol. xxiii. (n. s. xv.) 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
The question of the existence of oxygen in the sun was first seri- ously investigated, we believe, by Dr. Henry Draper, who published in the American Journal of Science for 1877 and 1879, and in foreign journals, papers accompanied by reproductions of his photographs. Dr. Draper was firmly persuaded of the existence of oxygen in the sun's atmosphere, and based this belief upon the apparent coincidence of the lines of oxygen taken in air with certain bright spaces in the sun's spectrum which appeared upon his photographs.
Prof. John Christopher Draper published a paper in the Ameri- can Journal of Science for 1878, in which he stated his conviction that oxygen exists in the sun; but his line of argument was just the reverse of that of Dr. H. Draper. While the latter apparently proved the existence of oxygen in the sun by the coincidence of its bright lines with bright spaces in the solar spectrum, the former was led to believe that the bright oxygen lines coincided with dark lines in the sun.
Both observers abandoned the old method of eye observation, and took advantage of the improvements in photography to record the oxygen lines upon a sensitive plate. Dr. H. Draper was led to aban- don Geisler's tubes filled with oxygen, and to employ the electric spark in common air, on account of the greater brilliancy of the lines, while Prof. J. C. Draper still adhered to tubes filled with rarefied oxygen. The oxygen liues had been mapped by previous observers, notably by Thaleu, and Schuster had shown that there were four spectra of oxygen which could be produced under varying conditions of temperature and pressure.
The photographs of Dr. Henry Draper's oxygen spectrum, together with the juxtaposed solar spectrum, were submitted to the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, June 23, 1879, by M. Cornu. From the remarks of M. Faye we make the following extract : —
" Dr. H. Draper has, however, succeeded in discovering oxygen, not in the chromosphere, but in the photosphere, where it discloses itself by bright lines. It is obvious that this gas is dissociated at a depth, and is immediately taken up by multiple combinations in the region and at the temperature of the brilliant surface. I see in these facts the hope of a confirmation, and above all of an extension, of the views I have put forth on the constitution of the sun ; but what- ever may be the fate that the progress of spectrum analysis reserves to them, I express here my admiration for the discovery of Mr. Draper, and I hope that his results, so well confirmed by the photo- graphic proofs that our learned member, M. Cornu, has shown the
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 3
Academy, will not delay in being universally accepted by competent judges."
The opinion thus expressed by so eminent an authority as M. Faye testifies to the strength of the evidence brought forward by Dr. Draper. With the exception of Prof. John C. Draper, physicists, in so far as they have expressed their views, have generally accepted the hypothesis of Dr. Draper. No one, to our knowledge, has crit- ically examined the hypothesis of bright lines in the solar spectrum.
The reader of Dr. H. Draper's account of his experiments will remember the difficulties he encountered in obtaining an air spectrum of sufficient brightness to record itself upon the photographic plate. The time that has elapsed since his work does not seem to have made those difficulties less, and, in spite of all our ingenuity has been able to devise, we have been practically confined to taking the spark in free air or oxygen at atmospheric pressure, notwithstanding the broad and hazy character of the lines under these conditions.
Not to record a long list of failures extending over several months, we will briefly describe the arrangements in their final form.
An alternating current dynamo driven at 2,000 revolutions per min- ute is connected to a commutator of four segments upon a fixed spindle, around which revolve two pairs of brushes. The result of this com- bination is that the current is very frequently and sharply interrupted. This interrupted current is used to excite three large quantity coils connected in series. From two to twelve jars were employed as a con- denser to the secondary current. The spark was taken between two stout rods of aluminium placed immediately in front of the slit, and the spark passed between them with a deafening rattle, and gave about the light of two candles. We tried Dr. Draper's device of a soapstone compressor for the spark, but in our hands the walls of the soapstone near the spark melted down, and formed a conducting surface over which the current passed.
The photographic apparatus is the large instrument of Professor Rowland, — a concave grating with ruled surface 6x2 inches, mounted upon an iron girder 23 feet long, moving upon two tracks at right angles, as has been previously described by him and others. Sunlight is introduced by a heliostat with mirror silvered on first surface, and an image of the sun formed on the slit by means of a quartz lens of five feet focus. The method of working with the apparatus so arranged has been as follows.
The points of aluminium being permanently fixed in front of the slit, sunlight is introduced, the camera brought to focus once for all,
4 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
and set to any required wave-length upon a convenient scale. The photographic plate is then placed in the camera, and a shutter imme- diately in front is set to expose the upper half of the plate. Expos- ure for the sun is then made ; the sunlight is then cut out, and the shutter moved to cover that part of the plate already exposed, and the lower half exposed. The spark is then started and worked from 15 to 30 minutes. In addition to the spectrum of lines there is a con- siderable continuous spectrum, which after a time causes fogging of the plates ; so there does not seem to be any gain in an exposure of more than half an hour. The feebleness of the air lines can be judged of when we state that, with the same plate, breadth of slit, etc., we get a metallic spectrum in the arc in ten seconds, strongly photographed. There was sufficient iron present in the electrodes as impurity to give the strongest iron lines feebly, and these have been of use in determining that no displacement had happened, although from the nature of the arrangements such disturbance could hardly occur.
On the negative produced as above indicated the two spectra lie exactly edge to edge, like a vernier and scale, and are in the best possible position for the accurate determination of the position of the air lines. The original plan contemplated a determination of wave-lengths of all the air lines throughout the entire spectrum ; but persistently bad weather and other causes have compelled the post- ponement of the completion of this work, though v?^ are now able to give it complete from wave-length 3740 to wave-length 5030.
The photographic map of the solar spectrum of Professor Rowland has made easy what would otherwise have been an undertaking of extreme labor and difficulty. The best of engraved maps of the violet region of the spectrum to beyond F are comparatively worthless. Even on the elaborate map of Vogel, the result of years of labor, it is difficult certainly to recognize other than the more prominent lines, and you never feel quite sure of your positions ; but we turn to the map of Rowland with the certainty of finding every line in its true order and magnitude, so that what was formerly most difficult has now become very simple, and the position of any well-defined air or metallic line can be read directly, by comparison of the photograph with the map, to the tenth of a wave-length.
We here give a table of wave-lengths as determined from our photo- graph of the sun and air spectra : —
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES.
3749.80 Strong, agrees.
3830.60
3830.275
3842.30
3843.00
3850.70
3857.40
3863.80
3864.90
3882.45
3893.50
3894.95
3896.40
3896.90
3900.975
3902.20
3906.00
3912.30
3919.25
3935.10
3936.90
3938.80
3939.80
3940.70
3941.40
3942.48
3946.20
3948.10
3949.00 1
3951.45
3954.85
3956.175
3958.10
3958.90
3959.975
3963.70
3968.70
3973.60
3981.40
3982.97
3992.87
3995.10
3998.81 {
4008.39 4011.34 4035.34 4041.39 4066.84
4070.24 \
4072.34 4076.19 4078.83 4085.24 4085.84 4038.64 4093.09 4097.49 4105.04
Faint and broad Dim and broad. Very faint.
cc
Faint.
Strong. Faint.
Sharp. Very faint. Sharp.
Fairly strong. Strong, agrees. Very taint. Faint.
Sharp.
Very faint. Sharp, may agree.
cc
Strong.
Strong agrees. Faint.
Sharp.
Strong.
Faint.
Sharp, agrees. Very strong. Very faint, may agree.
Faint. Band. Band. Faint.
Strong, may agree.
Faint, agrees.
Faint.
Strong
4105.21
4109.76
4011.01.
4112.16
4119.36
4120.46
4121.52
4121.56
4123.82
4132.82
4133.79
4145.87
4147.42
4151.92
4153.57
4155.42
4156.79
4164.72
4166.72
4169.47
4172.12
4175.72
4177.92
4179.92
4185.32
4190.00
4193.77
4198.72
4199.22
4202.12
4205.72
4206.92
4209.12
4214.92
4223.17
4224.92
4225.92
4228.52
4236.67
4241.92
4249.02
4253.42
4266.32
4271.22
4274.82
4277.90
4279.90
4282.40
4291.90
4303.80
4305.67
4309.87
4312.72
4315.52
4317.20
4319.50
4322.80 |
4323.90 4325.90 4327.60 4328.42
Strong. Very strong. Very faint.
Fairly strong. Faint.
Agrees. Faint.
May agree. Faint.
Faint.
Agrees.
Band. Very faint. Faint band. Very strong.
Very faint.
May agree.
u
Very faint.
Band.
Very faint. u
Faint on band.
a CC
it it
Band.
Very faint.
Faiiit. tt
Very faint.
Faint.
Fairly strong.
Faint. tt
Very faint. a
Faint and sharp. u tt
a a
Strong.
Faint, may
agree. Very faint. Agrees. Very faint.
4330.37 4331.20 4332.40 4336.77 4345.52 4347.47 4347.94 4349.30 4351.40 4353.70 4356.62 4362.90 4365.40 4366.92 4369.60 4371.40 4379.70 4381.50 4385.30 4385.40 4386.50 4396.30 4401.22 4415.00 4417.17 4421.00 4426.00 4430.04
4431.90 •
4434.27 443947 4443.00 4447.09 4452.40 4456.00 4459.90 4465.40 4466.00 4468.02 4469.50 4472.90 4477.87 4481.87 4487.94 4489.90 4496.97 4498.95 4503.05 4507.72 4511.85
4520 50 •
4544.50
4565.97 4572.02 4577.50 4578.55 4582.32 4583.15 4587.45 4588.05
Very faint. tt
Sharp.
Strong.
Faint.
Strong. tt
it
a
Faint.
Faint.
Strong.
Faint. a
a
a
Very faint. a
Nebulous. Faint.
Strong, agrees.
a tt
Faint.
Very broad dim
band.
Sharp.
Broad dim band, cc cc
Very strong.
Sharp.
Faint and sharp.
Faint.
Sharp.
Very faint.
Broad and faint. Sharp.
Faint. Sharp. Faint.
Fairly strong.
tt
Sharp. Strong, may
agree. Fairly strong. Sharp.
Sharp, agrees. Sharp.
Very strong. Sharp.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
4588.92 4589.40 4590.00
4590.95 {
4592.00 4592.95 4596.20 4601.37 4607.20
4609.45 {
4612.75 4614.05 4621.42 4630.73 4634.00 4638.90 4640.75 4641.90 4643.45 4645.40 4649.25 4651.02 4654.10 4654.85 4655.90 4658.05 4659.60 4665.70 4667.55 4671.65 4672.30 4673.30
4674.95 j
4676.40 4681.10
Very faint.
Strong, may agree.
Strong.
a
Very strong. a
Sharp, may
agree.
Faint.
Strong, agrees.
Strong.
Very strong.
Sharp.
Strong.
Rather faint.
Fairly strong.
Strong.
Faint.
Strong.
Fairly strong.
Faint. u
Faint band. Very faint.
u
Faint.
Very faint.
Faint, may
agree.
Very faint.
4682.40 4687.15 4688.80 4691.40 4694.15 4695.15 4696.70 4699.40 4700.40 4701.65 4703.02 4705.42 471020 4712.87 4719.92 4731.27 4733.95 4740.20 4744.20 4753.82 4760.07 4763.82 4771.82 4775.07 4782.62 4788.27 4791.32 4798.97 4800.82 4802.37 4808.94 4810.02 4811.92 4813.52 4816.60 4820 90 4822.12 4825.12
Very faint.
Strong. Faint. Very faint. Broad and faint Faint.
Agrees. Fairly strong.
u
Very faint.
Sharp.
Very strong.
Very faint.
Sharp, agrees.
Very faint. a
Very strong. Very faint. Faint.
Very strong. Faint.
Faint, may agree
4842.00 4863.92 4877.70 4878.80 4879.90 4891.27 4894.90 4898.70 4906.77 4907.67 4913.69 4915.12 4916.86 4936.86 4940.85 4945.01 4945.81 4950.21 4951.41 4953.85 4955.16 4960.15 4969.85 4972.85 4979.90
Faint but sharp.
it u
Faint. Very faint.
Sharp.
Sharp, but faint.
Sharp.
Band.
Sharp.
Nebulous band. Sharp, agrees.
4983.06 \ SharP' m*y
\
4993.95 4997.60 4999.31 5001.55 5011.06 5012.50 5018.55
5022.95 •
5033.85
agree.
Faint. a
Agrees. Faint.
Sharp, agrees. Faint. May agree. Faint, may
agree. Very faint.
In regard to the accuracy that may be expected of the above posi- tions, we feel sure that few of them are wrong by more than a tenth of a wave-length, and those are of the class "Very faint," or " Broad and nebulous." The better denned lines we believe to be correct to within less than the above amount. The method of comparison we have used admits of much greater accuracy than this, but the ill- defined character of the air lines puts a limit to their accurate placing. Compared with Thalen's positions, they should be credited with ten times the accuracy at least. Some of Thalen's bands are resolved into two or more in our instrument.
Prof. John C. Draper projected his spectra upon a scale of wave- lengths by means of a stereopticon, — a method which does not inspire confidence in his results, when we consider the distortion produced by projecting lenses.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 7
The scientific world seems largely to have accepted the wave-lengths of Angstrom and Thalen as final. One eminent authority speaks of them as the " ne plus ultra " of spectroscopic accuracy ; and any at- tempt to revise or correct them may be looked upon as presumptuous. However, we believe the time has arrived when the whole of Thalen's work on metallic spectra must be re-examined. It is safe to say that he has tabulated not more than one line in many metals where several exist, and his positions are occasionally wrong by as much as two wave-lengths.
As yet no approach to the accuracy with which the solar spectrum has been delineated has been attempted in metallic spectra, — a re- markable fact, when we consider that the chief interest that attaches to the study of the solar spectrum is in its connection with spectra of terrestrial elements.
The test of the existence of oxygen in the sun is the coincidence of the bright lines of the spectrum of oxygen with bright lines or with dark lines of the solar spectrum. If the bright lines of any metallic vapor formed in the electric arc or the electric spark coincide with the dark lines of the solar spectrum which is photographed directly above the spectrum of the metal on the same sensitive plate, the evidence is usually considered conclusive in regard to the existence of the metal in the sun. In the case of iron, where hundreds of lines of the metal coincide with dark lines in the solar spectrum, not only in exact posi- tion but in general grouping and character, the evidence cannot be doubted by any one who has carefully examined it. When a ma- jority of the lines of any metal coincide with dark lines in the solar spectrum under high dispersion, not only in position but in group- ing, while a few of the metal lines have no representatives in the solar spectrum, there is a probability that the corresponding lines wanting in the sun have been obliterated by superposed lines or bands of other metals. In our paper " On the Existence of Carbon in the Sun," we have called attention to a case of such obliteration. It is probable, also, that the non-appearance of certain lines in the sun may be due to certain conditions of temperature. We have discussed this point more fully in the paper on Carbon, above re- ferred to.
The same remarks apply to the coincidence of the lines of any ele- ment with the supposed bright spaces in the sun. The value of the test of coincidence increases with the number of coincidences. If an element has only two or three lines, and these two or three agree in position with dark lines in the solar spectrum, the evidence of the
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
existence of the element in the sun is not conclusive. It is supported, however, if there is any striking peculiarity in the lines of the element which is reproduced in the corresponding lines in the solar spectrum. Thus the nebulous character of the lines of magnesium is perfectly reproduced in the corresponding lines in the solar spectrum. The test of coincidence, therefore, requires primarily a normal spectrum and the highest possible dispersion. The earlier observers were limited to in- struments of small dispersion, and the entire number of lines observed in the solar spectrum was small compared with that given by the best modern apparatus. The chances for an apparent coincidence were therefore much greater, and evidence of a very misleading character could be obtained.
In Dr. H. Draper's published photograph, the coincidence of the greater part of the oxygen lines with bright bands in the solar spectrum is quite striking ; and it is not a matter of surprise that he was led to conclude the connection between the two spectra to be a physical one, and to announce the existence of oxygen in the sun as proved. Instances are not infrequent where instrumental imperfection or lack of power has led to results unsupported by later and more powerful research. Witness the spots of Venus of the older observers. Now when we apply to the spectra of the sun and oxygen a dispersion and definition that show the minute detail of each, the "bright bands" at once vanish, or no longer appear as such, and all the apparent connec- tion between them and the oxygen lines disappears also. The bright bands of Dr. H. Draper's spectrum are found to be occupied by nu- merous dark lines, of various degrees of intensity ; but the hypothesis of Prof. J. C. Draper, that these are the true representatives of the oxygen lines, is rendered untenable by the lack of any systematic connection between the two. It happens quite frequently that an oxy- gen line falls centrally upon the space between two dark lines of the solar spectrum, but not more frequently than we might expect as a matter of chance, when we consider the vast number of lines and spaces ; and the fact that the spaces are no brighter than the sur- rounding background of the solar spectrum would not seem to permit of their interpretation as bright lines.
The subject of bright lines in the solar spectrum is one upon which men will probably differ, and we have sought information upon it. Of course there is no a priori reason why such bright lines should not exist, as they do in many stars ; but we have photographed the sun's spectrum every day that the sun has shone for nearly five months, without finding a line that could with certainty be pronounced
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 9
brighter than its neighbors ; and it must be admitted that the photo- graph is the best of photometers in such a case.
In regard to the other three spectra of oxygen of Schuster we have nothing to say ; but as far as concerns the spark spectrum in air and the solar spectrum from wave-lengths 3749.8 to 5033.85 we can safely affirm that there is no physical connection between them.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Investigations on Light and Heat, made and published wholly or in part with Appropriation from the Rumford .Fund.
II.
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE PHYSICAL LABORATORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF CARBON IN THE SUN.
By John Trowbridge and C. C. Hutchins.
Presented March 9, 1887.
From the presence of absorption bands in the solar spectrum at high altitudes, Captain Abney has been led to believe in the existence of certain hydrocarbons between the earth and the sun ; and Sieraens's theory of the conservation of solar energy depends upon the sup- posed existence of carbon vapor in interplanetary space. It is not our purpose to discuss Abney 's observations, or the truth of Siemens's hypothesis. We wish to call attention to the remarkable character of the carbon spectrum, formed by the Voltaic arc in air between car- bon terminals ; and to draw attention to the evidence presented by the juxtaposed solar spectrum of the existence of carbon in the sun.
In our early experiments the carbon terminals between which the Voltaic arc was formed were heated several hours, while a stream of chlorine gas was passed over them. This operation was not entirely successful in removing metallic impurities. Subsequently we discov- ered that the spectra of these impurities could be readily distinguished from the marked fluted carbon spectrum, and we therefore employed the ordinary compressed carbon sticks employed in electric lighting.
For our work the nicest adjustment of slit was necessary, in order that no displacement of spectrum lines could possibly occur when the carbon spectrum was photographed in juxtaposition with the solar spectrum. This was accomplished by the use of a slit, the jaws of which opened equally.
One of Rowland's concave gratings, of 21 feet 6 inches in curvature and 14,000 lines to the inch, was employed. In order to avoid any possible displacement of the photographic camera during the operation of photographing the carbon spectrum immediately below the solar
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 11
spectrum, a drop shutter was arranged directly in front of the sensi- tive plate, the movement of which was independent of any movement of the camera. Preliminary experiments showed us the importance in this work of employing a spectroscope of great dispersion and of fine definition, giving also a normal spectrum. The use of a prism spectroscope would undoubtedly have masked the phenomenon we have observed. For our purposes, therefore, Rowland's apparatus was peculiarly advantageous.
Our experiments lead us to conclude that there is positive evidence in the solar spectrum of the existence of carbon in the sun. Before giving an account of our experiments in detail, a few observations may not be considered out of place.
One who studies the solar spectrum by itself, and who has had no experience in the formation and observation of metallic spectra, is apt to regard the dark lines in the solar spectrum as fixed in charac- ter and condition. A line which is seen by one observer, and not by another, is generally regarded as a terrestrial line formed by absorp- tion in the earth's atmosphere. Certain lines are well known to be due to the terrestrial absorption, as can be easily proved by their appearance when the sun is observed at sunset, when the rays of light have to penetrate a greater thickness of the earth's atmosphere than at midday. The shifting layers of vapor in the sun's atmosphere also may, in certain cases, obliterate or strengthen certain lines of a metal. To understand this it is only necessary to extend the reasoning of the conservation of energy to the subject. It is a common lecture experi- ment to reverse the metallic lines by passing the rays of light pro- duced by the vapor of the element through a layer of vapor colder than that of the source of the rays. The energy of the rays is thus absorbed in heating the colder layer. When the temperature of the vapor is increased, and becomes equal to that of the source, no reversal takes place. Thus, on the sun's surface the conditions for a reversal may be wanting at certain times, and faint lines may become bright. Their brightness may not be sufficient to affect the general illumina- tion of the solar spectrum of which they form a part. Conditions may arise, moreover, in which the temperature of the reversing vapor may be called critical, — at such a temperature that the faint reversal is sufficient to extinguish the bright line of a metal without producing a well-defined dark line. At certain epochs, also, the temperature of the vapor of any element in the sun may be higher than at other times ; and certain lines may thus appear which are wanting when the temperature falls. One is forced to these conclusions in observing
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
the conditions under which the varying character of metallic spectra are produced. For instance, we have caused the rays from iron vapor to traverse a long and dense layer of iron vapor, and have observed that the strength of the lines and the number of reversals have been largely increased. In another experiment, the lower carbon of the electric lamp we employed occupied the centre of an electro-magnet. This was accomplished by passing the carbon through a hollow iron cone, and surrounding the latter by layers of wire, through which the electrical current employed in generating the light passed. In this case the electric arc was spread out at right angles to the pole of the magnet, into a fan-like, intensely hot flame, which roared loudly, and which rarefied, so to speak, the iron vapor between the carbon termi- nals. The strength of the lines and the number of reversals were diminished under this new condition.
Another phenomenon may happen. When an excess of the vapor of one metal floats over or is mixed with that of another, the lines of one metal are superimposed upon those of another in the solar spec- trum, and the stronger spectrum of one element may easily obliterate the weaker spectrum of another. Thus we have succeeded in com- pletely obliterating the fluted spectrum of carbon in the green and blue, by photographing upon it the spectrum of iron, of nickel, and of ce- rium. A species of composite photograph was thus obtained. It is possible that in the future Galton's ingenious method of composite photography may be applied to the solar spectrum; and by a judi- cious selection of photographs of the elements, a composite photograph may be obtained which will closely resemble portions of the solar spectrum, and will enable us to judge of the composition of the revers- ing layers of the sun.
To the varying conditions which we have thus outlined are due, we believe, the disappearance in the sun's spectrum of the marked fluted spectrum of carbon in the green and blue portions.
A careful examination of the fluted spectrum of carbon, however, with the juxtaposed solar spectrum, discloses a remarkable fact: while traces of obliteration of the evidence of carbon vapor are seen, yet the general character of the lines in the solar spectrum immedi- ately juxtaposed with the fluted spectrum of carbon near H lead us to believe that there is unmistakable evidence of the existence of carbon vapor in the sun. When the arrangement of the fine lines of the spectrum of carbon is plotted as a curve, and that of the dark lines in the solar spectrum immediately above the carbon spectrum is also plotted, the two curves have a remarkable similarity in character, running with a slight convexity toward one axis.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 13
In the first fluting at wave-length 3883.7 within the limit of ten wave-lengths, over 2S of the spaces between the fine bright lines of the flutings coincide with dark lines immediately in juxtaposition in the solar spectrum. When we consider that the progressive arrange- ment of these lines is exactly the same both in the spectrum of carbon and that of the sun, we cannot consider that this coincidence is the result of chance. On examining the spectrum of carbon in the region near H still further, a remarkable number of coincidences of the spaces between the bright lines of the carbon spectrum with dark lines in the solar spectrum will be observed. We are led, therefore, to conclude that the fluted spectrum of carbon is an example of the reversal of the lines of a vapor in its own vapor. Fluted spectra occur at comparatively low temperatures. When carbon is ignited, we have at first a continuous spectrum. When the temperature in- creases and the carbon is volatilized, fluted spectra occur, which consist of interruptions of the continuous spectrum by fine line re- versals occurring in harmonic order. The same phenomenon can be observed in the spectrum of iron lines : through the centre of an iron line, when a sufficient amount of iron vapor surrounds the Voltaic arc in which iron is volatilized, reversal lines are always seen. Now if the iron lines were arranged in regular order, the reversals would also be in like regular order, and would coincide with similar reversals in the solar spectrum. Assuming the conditions at the sun's surface to be the same as those we have in the Voltaic arc, when carbon is volatilized, the character of the carbon spectrum should exactly agree with the character of the solar spectrum juxtaposed. This is found to be true to a remarkable degree in comparing portions of the solar spectrum with portions of the fluted spectrum of carbon beginning at wave-length 3883.7.
Our hypothesis leads us to conclude, that, at the point of the sun's atmosphere where carbon is volatilized, so as to produce the peculiar arrangement of reversals observed, the temperature of the sun ap- proximates to that of the Voltaic arc.
14 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Investigations on Light and Heat, made and published wholly oe in paet with Appkopeiation from the Rumford Fund.
III.
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE PHYSICAL LABORATORY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF CERTAIN ELEMENTS,
TOGETHER WITH THE DISCOVERY OF
PLATINUM, IN THE SUN.
By C. C. Hutchins and E. L. Holden.
Presented by Professor John Trowbridge, March 9, 1887.
Late in the fall of 1886 it was decided by the writers, who were then at work in the Physical Laboratory of Harvard University, to attempt a revision of some of the previous work in regard to the chemical constitution of the sun, as well as to discover, if possible, new facts bearing on the same subject. For the purpose of this investigation a magnificent diffraction grating, made by Professor Rowland of Bal- timore, was kindly placed at our disposal by Professor John Trow- bridge, under whose supervision and direction the subsequent work has been done.
After some delay caused by the mounting of the grating and its attachments, work was begun early in January, 1887, but, owing to bad weather and other hindrances, was not regularly and systemati- cally prosecuted till somewhat later.
The grating used is of speculum metal with a ruled surface meas- uring 6 inches by 2, having 14,438 lines to the inch. It is concave, its radius of curvature being 21^ feet, and is mounted according to Professor Rowland's method. Suffice it to say, that the method is such that, by simply rolling the camera along an iron track, it passes not only from one part of the spectrum to another, but also to the spectra of different orders, at the will of the operator. As the dis- tances on this track are proportional to the relative wave-lengths of the lines that fall successively on a given point in the camera, it is easy, by means of a suitable scale of equal parts placed beside the track, to set the centre of the photographic plate instantly within a single wave-length of any given line in the spectrum.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 15
And here let us parenthetically state that all Our wave-lengths are those given by Professor Rowland's photographic map of the solar spectrum, the position of every line referred to being carefully identi- fied upon the map, and its absolute wave-length thus determined. Although some of the negatives contain many lines too faint to show on the map, yet we feel confident that our numbers correspond in all cases to those of the map within one tenth of a wave-length.
The lhdit is brought into the room by means of a forte lumiere, and then sent through the slit after total reflection by a right-angled prism. Before striking the prism it passes through a cylindrical lens, which condenses it to a band of light about 2 inches long and I inch wide. The jaws of the slit move equally in opposite directions, so that, however widely they may be opened, no lateral displacement of lines can result from this cause.
Directly in front of the slit is placed a large tin lantern containing an electric lamp ; the image of the arc can be brought exactly upon the slit by means of an adjustable lens in the front of the lantern. In the lower carbon of the lamp is made a cup-shaped cavity, which is filled with the substance a spectrum of which is desired. It is not at all necessary that this be in the form of a metal, for any ordinary compound is at once reduced by the intense heat and the presence of carbon vapor to the metallic state.
The plan of working has been as follows. The apparatus being arranged as described, the sunlight is admitted and the desired portion of solar spectrum photographed upon the upper half of the plate ; then the sunlight is excluded by a shutter, and the image of the elec- tric arc containing the proper metal is allowed to fall upon the slit, and its spectrum photographed on the lower half of the plate. (Most of the plates used were those made by the M. A. Seed Co., and were cut to the size of 8 inches by 2. The most sensitive plates were obtained, and even then we found the required time of exposure for some parts of the spectrum inconveniently long.)
In order to effect the exposure of either half of the plate at will, we placed directly in front of the camera an opaque screen, in which was a rectangular opening one half the size of the plate. By turning a handle, this screen is raised or lowered without the slightest disturb- ance of camera or plate. The metallic spectrum, being thus photo- graphed immediately below the solar spectrum, can be compared with it at leisure.
These spectra are then examined with the aid of a glass magnifying about ten diameters, and any coincidences between solar and metallic
16 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
lines carefully noted according to their wave-lengths. In order to eliminate any personal error, they are examined by both observers separately, and their results afterwards compared.
To eliminate errors arising from suspected impurities of materials, as also from the impurities known to exist in the carbons employed, we took what we called " comparison photographs." For these, we placed in the carbon cup a portion of the substances known or sus- pected to be present as impurities in our metal, and then photographed the spectrum thus given on the upper half of the plate ; a piece of the metal under experiment was then placed in the lamp, and the spectrum photographed on the lower part of the plate. Any lines due to impurities would then extend entirely across the plate, while those of the pure metal would extend only half-way. In addition to this precaution we consulted all accessible tables and plates as to the position of known lines of metallic spectra, and also compared together all our photographs of the same region. If all of these tests left any doubt as to the origin of a given line, it was at once subjected to special investigation until all doubt was removed.
The dispersion given by the apparatus in the order of spectrum in which we worked is such that a single wave-length occupies on the negative a space of 1.12 mm. This makes the distance between the lines Dj and D2 6.7 mm., while the length of spectrum from A to H is about 4.1 m. With so great dispersion it would hardly be possible to mistake the position of a line by any very considerable amount, or to confound neighboring lines belonging to different metals.
For reasons readily apparent, it was found so difficult to photograph under high dispersive power those parts of the spectrum not lying between wave-length 3600 and wave-length 5000, that our photo- graphic work was done chiefly within those limits. It was, however, supplemented in many cases by eye observations in other portions of the spectrum.
We are convinced that there is much in the whole matter of coinci- dences of metallic and solar lines that needs re-examination ; that something more than the mere coincidence of two or three lines out of many is necessary to establish even the probability of the presence of a metal in the sun. With the best instruments the violet portion of the solar spectrum is found to be so thickly set with fine lines, that, if a metallic line were projected upon it at random, in many places the chances for a coincidence would be even, and coincidences could not fail to occur in case of such metals as cerium and vanadium which give hundreds of lines in the arc.
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES. 17
Moreover, a high dispersion shows that very few lines of metals are simple and short, hut, on the contrary, winged and nebulous, and complicated by a great variety of reversal phenomena. A " line " is sometimes half an inch wide on the photographic plate, or it may be split into ten by reversals.
At first, we believed that these reversals were due to defects in the rulino- of the grating, but we are convinced that they are true phe- nomena from the following experiments. 1st. The wings continue when various portions of the grating are covered. 2d. They are the same in three successive orders of spectra. 3d. They are very differ- ent in different metals, and in some are not seen at all. 4th. We arranged a flat grating, with collimator and projecting lens, each of five feet focus, and found that with this apparatus the same phenom- ena appeared.
On pages 87 and 88 of " The Sun," Professor Young gives a list of elements in the sun according to the best authorities, which is followed by a list of doubtful elements. Some of these we have examined with tho following results : —
Cadmium. — The coincidence of the two lines given by Lockyer at wave-lengths 4677 and 4799 is perfect. These are the only cadmium lines near, and sun lines in the vicinity are not numerous.
Lead. — The evidence for lead, due to Lockyer, is based upon three lines at 4019.7, 4058.2, and 40G1.8. We have photographed these Lines with the sun many times. They are broad and nebulous, and often several times reversed. Lines in solar spectrum numerous and faint. 4019.7 and 4058.2 certainly do not coincide. 4061.8 is very difficult to pronounce upon ; it may coincide.
Cerium, Molybdenum, Uranium, and Vanadium. — These four metals may be classed together. Lockyer finds four coincidences each for molybdenum and vanadium, three for uranium, and two for cerium. The arc spectrum of each is characterized by great com- plexity and vast numbers of lines. So numerous are the lines in fact, that often on the photographs the total space occupied by them is greater than the space not so occupied. A plate ten inches long may contain a thousand or so. Evidently coincidences between these and solar lines cannot fail to occur as matters of chance, and therefore prove nothing. One can easily count a hundred or so such coinci- dences without the slightest conviction that the connection is other than fortuitous. Of course all this is nothing against the probability of these metals being in the sun ; but at the same time those peculi- arities of grouping, strength of lines, and other characteristics which vol. xxin. (n. s. xv.) 2
18 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
occur in the case of iron and other spectra, and which alone can serve as evidence in such cases, are conspicuously absent.
Among the metals whose existence in the solar atmosphere has seemed probable, we have examined the following : —
Bismuth. — The line of the above metal at 4722.9, the only line of bismuth in the arc in that whole region, coincides perfectly with the more refrangible of a very faint pair of solar lines.
Tin. — The solitary tin line at 4525, thought by Lockyer to coin- cide, falls directly between two fine lines in the solar spectrum.
Silver. — Lockyer mentions a certain possibility of silver in the solar atmosphere from the apparent agreement of two of its nebulous lines with solar lines. One of these we have never been able to find in the course of many photographs of the region in which it is given by him.
We find seven lines of silver between 4000 and 4900. Of these seven, three are what Thalen calls nebulous ; so broad and hazy tbat their true positions cannot be determined with much accuracy. These lie at about 4055.5, 4063.6, and 4212. A fourth line at 4023 is of the same general character, but has a sharp reversal which agrees with a solar line. The remaining three lines are represented in the sun, and are given by Thalen in the spark spectrum of the metal.
4476.2. Very strong line ; nebulous on lower edge. Sun line strong. (Thalen, 4475.)
4668.8. Strong, solitary line. (Thalen, 4666.5.)
4874.3. Fairly strong. (Thalen, 4874.)
Thus, between the limits given above, every line of silver, as far as can be determined, coincides with a solar line.
Potassium. — We could find but two lines of potassium, the same that were examined by Lockyer, 4044.5 and 4048.35. Each line is reversed four times, which increases the difficulty of locating them exactly. 4048.35 seems to agree with a solar line. The solar line near 4044.5 is very faint, and it is next to impossible to decide the question of an agreement.
Lithium. — The blue line of lithium presents a curious case. The very broad and nebulous line has a rather sharp reversal near the centre, and somewhat toward the lower edge a broader and less clearly- defined reversal. Both these reversals agree with solar lines at 4602.5 and 4603.2. It is possible that one of the reversals may be due to the presence of some other substance, say calcium ; but if that were true, it would seem that both reversals would be nearly, if not quite, obliterated. Further experiment may clear the matter up. 4603.2 is given to iron by Thalen.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 19
Platinum. — As far as we can learn, no evidence lias hitherto been offered to show the occurrence of this metal in the solar atmosphere. We were somewhat surprised, therefore, upon meeting with coinci- dences. Between 4250 and 4950 we find 64 lines of platinum, six- teen of which agree with solar lines. The latter are at the following places : —
4291.10 4481.85
4392.00 (Thalen 4389.4) 4552.80 (Thalen 4551.8)
4430.40 4560.30
4435.20 4580.80
4440.70 4852.90 (Thalen 4851.5)
4445.75 (Thalen 4442.0) 4857.70
4448.05 4899.00
4455.00 4932.40
We have taken all possible care to make this statement accurate, and to admit no lines about which there seemed to be any question. There are seven other lines not included in the list, the probability of agreement of which is at least as good as that upon which potassium is admitted.
In all these experiments everything has been done to bring out and show upon the photograph as much as possible. The lamp, con- structed for the purpose and fed by a powerful dynamo, gave an arc from a half to three fourths of an inch loner, and burned with a long flame and so intense a heat that it could be worked for but a few minutes at a time. Any one who has carried out a series of experiments like this is alone competent to appreciate the great labor and the endless difficulties and perplexities that attend them.
Our thanks are especially due to Dr. Wolcott Gibbs for his hearty encouragement, and for the use of valuable apparatus and chemicals.
IV.
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY OF HARVARD COLLEGE.
THE ACTION OF FLUORIDE OF SILICON ON ORGANIC BASES.
By Arthur M. Comey and C. Loring Jackson.
Presented June 15, 1887.
The research described in the following paper was undertaken in the hope of obtaining from the amines products similar to the compound which ammonia gives with fluoride of silicon, (NH„)2SiF4, discovered by Gay-Lussac and Thenard,* and three years later prepared and studied by J. Davy.f We have been able to find only two previous papers on this subject, one published by Laurent and Delbos,$ in 1848, in which the action of fluoride of silicon on aniline is described, the product being a nearly white mass, which they washed with ether, boiled with alcohol, and sublimed to purify it for analysis ; their analy- ses, however, led only to a very complex formula containing oxygen, which they advance " with much reserve," although it was confirmed by the proportions § in which its factors combined. The substance when treated with water gave a gelatinous precipitate of silicic acid, and when boiled with alcohol was converted into small white lustrous scales.|| The second paper was published by W. Knop,** in 1858, and had for its primary object the study of the solution of fluoride of sili- con in absolute alcohol, which gave with urea and aniline the fluosili- cates of these bases, both of which Knop sublimed, and obtained from
* Mem. d'Arcueil, ii. 317.
t Phil. Transact., 1812, p. 352.
$ Ann. Chim. Phys., ser. 3, xxii. 101.
§ These proportions agree tolerably with the formula worked out by us for this substance, but their analytical results do not, and are entitled to no con- sideration, on account of the difficulties in the analysis, which Laurent and Delbos did not succeed in overcoming.
|| Aniline fluosilicate.
** Chem. Centralblatt, 1858, p. 388.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 21
the uvea fluosilicate only amnionic fluosilicate, silicic acid, and cyanuric acid ; but from the aniline fluosilicate a new substance, which gave a precipitate of gelatiuous silicic acid with water, and contained more silicon and fluorine than the fluosilicate. He did not, however, identify it with the substance made by Laurent and Delbos. We may add, that some years later W. Knop and W. Wolf * describe the aniline fluosilicate more iu detail.
The results of our work on this subject may be summarized briefly as follows. Aniline forms with fluoride of silicon a compound having the formula (C6H5NH.,)3(SiF4)2, which sublimes without alteration, but is decomposed with water forming aniline fluosilicate and silicic acid ; when heated with an excess of aniline it is converted into another compound having the formula (CGH.NH2)4(SiF4)2, and the same sub- stance is formed when fluoride of silicon acts on aniline at high tem- peratures. This second product is unstable, breaking up spontaneously into the first and free aniline. The following bases also give com- pounds containing three molecules of the base to two of fluoride of silicon : paratoluidine, orthotoluidine, parachloraniline, diphenylamine, dimethylaniline, chinoline, and dimethylamine, the last giving also a compound having the formula ((CH5)2NH)4(SiF4)2. On the other hand, we have not succeeded in obtaining from ammonia a compound of the formula (NH3)3(SiF4)2.
We propose to call these substances silicotetrafluorides, a clumsy name, it is true, but one which will designate them with certainty, whereas all the simpler names, such as silicofluoride or fluosilicide, have been used for the fluosilicates at one time or another, and might therefore lead to confusion.
The remainder of the paper contains the detailed account of our experimental results, and at the end a discussion of our views in regard to the constitution of the silicotetrafluorides.
Products of the Action of Fluoride of Silicon on
Aniline.
Trianiline Disilicoletrafluoride, (C6H5NH2)3(SiF4)2. — This sub- stance was prepared by passing fluoride of silicon over aniline. The fluoride of silicon was made in the usual way, from calcic fluoride, sand, and sulphuric acid ; but as we found that a glass flask after using it two or three times became perforated by the small quantities of hydrofluoric acid formed in the process, we replaced it by a thick
* Chem. Centralblatt, 1862, p. 401.
22 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
glass bottle warmed in a water-bath, which lasted through a number of preparations. The delivery-tube should not dip below the surface of the aniline, as in that case there is danger that it will be stopped by the product ; but if it is brought near the surface of the base, the action takes place so rapidly that very little of the fluoride of silicon is lost. A good deal of heat is given out during the reaction, and the aniline is converted into a loose white solid, which was washed with hot ligroine until free from aniline, and then its purification finished by two sublimations. The yield was essentially quantitative, 30 grams of aniline giving after treatment with fluoride of silicon for 24 hours 51 grains of product, instead of 52 grams, the amount which should be obtained for the formula* (CcH.NH2)3(SiF4)2. The same substance is formed when aniline fluosilicate is sublimed, and the preparation, the analysis of which is numbered I., was made in this way. It is to be observed that the substance analyzed by Laurent and Delbos was really prepared in this way, since by boiling their original product with alcohol they converted it into aniline fluosilicate, which was after- ward reconverted into the silicotetrafluoride by sublimation. Also the substance obtained by Knop by sublimation of his auiline fluosilicate was the trianiline disilicotetrafluoride.
The method of analysis used for all these substances consisted in neutralizing a weighed quantity of the substance dissolved in hot water in a platinum dish with a standard solution of sodic hydrate, using a solution of litmus as the indicator. The liquid was then heated to boiling, more of the sodic hydrate added, if the reaction had become acid, and evaporated to dryness on the water-bath, the residue treated with water, and the silicic dioxide filtered out. The filtrate, after neutralizing once more with the sodic hydrate, which is usually necessary when the organic base is one with an alkaline reaction, (NH3 or (CH3)2NH), is treated with a solution of zincic oxide in amnionic carbonate, evaporated once more to dryness on the water- bath, treated with water, and filtered ; the precipitate is dissolved in strong nitric acid, evaporated to dryness, the residue after treatment with strong nitric acid extracted with water, and the silicic dioxide thus obtained added to that from the residue of the first evaporation, ignited, and weighed. The fluorine was usually calculated from the amount of the standard solution of sodic hydrate necessary for the neutralization of the hydrofluoric acid present, but it was also occa-
* Laurent and Delbos found that 59.5 grm. of aniline absorbed 40.5 grm. of fluoride of silicon. Our formula requires 44.3 grm.
|
Calculate*! for |
Found. |
|||
|
(C0HsNH.)a(3iF4)2. |
i. |
II. |
in. |
|
|
Nitrogen |
8.62 |
8.31 |
||
|
Silicon |
11.50 |
• • • |
11.75 |
11.77 |
|
Fluorine |
31.24 |
• ■• |
31.94 |
31.33 |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 23
sionally determined direct in the filtrate from the zincic carbonate and silicate by evaporating to dryness in a platinum crucible, and, after removing any slight excess of sodic carbonate by converting it into acetate and washing with 80% alcohol, igniting and weighing as sodic fluoride.
I. 0.2G8G wm. of the substance gave 19.6 c.c. of nitrogen at a tem-
O o O
perature of 23° and a pressure of 768 mm. II. 0.2982 grm. of substance gave 0.0751 grin, of silicic dioxide and 0.2105 grm. of sodic fluoride.
III. 0.2842 grm. of substance gave 0.0717 grm. of silicic dioxide and
0.1968 grm. of sodic fluoride.
IV. 0.3784 grm. of substance needed for neutralization 0.2480 grm.
of sodic hydrate.
IV.
31.15
Several attempts to make a combustion of the substance have shown that great difficulties stand in the way of getting satisfactory results, and, as the determinations of nitrogen, silicon, and fluorine just given are sufficient to establish its formula beyond a doubt, we have not thought it worth while to devote to the study of the conditions of its combustion the time necessary to obtain an accurate result.
Properties. — The trianiline disilicotetrafluoride is a white semi- crystalline to amorphous solid, which sublimes in the neighborhood of 200° without melting. It is insoluble in ether (anhydrous), benzol, ligroine, chloroform, or carbonic disulphide. It is decomposed very slowly by boiling absolute alcohol without any deposition of silicic acid, and converted into aniline fluosilicate ; we have not succeeded in bringing the other product of this reaction into a state fit for analysis ; it is a thick liquid, probably a silicic ethylester. The action is more rapid with alcohol containing water. Water decomposes it at once with deposition of silicic acid, and the solution yields on evaporation aniline fluosilicate* in beautiful white pearly scales. Its identity was determined by the following analysis.
0.7488 grm. of substance gave by precipitation with baric chloride 0.6372 grm. of baric fluosilicate.
* W. Knop and VV. Wolf, (Jhein. Centralblatt, 18(52, p. 401.
24 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Calculated for |
|
|
(C,iH6NH3)2SiF6. |
Found. |
|
43.04 |
43.30 |
SiF6
To determine the proportions in which the substances act on each other when water is added to the trianiline disilicotetrafluoride, we have studied the reaction quantitatively with the following results.
1.3092 grm. of the substance were dissolved in water, and the silicic acid precipitated filtered out, ignited, and weighed, giving 0.1200 grm. of silicic dioxide. To the filtrate was added potassic chloride, and the potassic fluosilicate formed was dried at 100° and weighed, giving 0.7370 grm.
These numbers agree best with the following reaction : —
4 (C6H5NH2)8(SiF4)2 + 6 H20 =
5 (C6H5NH3)2 SiF6 + 2 CGH5NH3F -f 3 SiO, *
as is shown by comparing the amounts of the products which would be obtained from 100 grm. of trianiline disilicotetrafluoride according to it, and those which were actually obtained in tbe experiment just described.
|
Calculated from |
||
|
the Reaction. |
Found. |
|
|
Silicic dioxide |
9.25 |
9.17 |
|
Aniline fluosilicate |
84.70 |
84.41 |
Two attempts were made also to determine the amount of ani- line fluoride formed (both by titration and by conversion into calcic fluoride) ; but although these experiments proved the presence of a fluoride, they gave results which did not agree with each otlier or with the theory, the reason being without doubt that a portion of the aniline fluoride was converted into fluosilicate during the filtrations, which we had to carry on in a glass funnel.
The action of ammonia gas upon the trianiline disilicotetrafluoride was studied carefully, since we hoped that it might throw light on the constitution of this substance, and also that the corresponding ammonia compound (NH3)3(SiF4)2 might be formed. Neither of these hopes has been realized, however, for upon passing ammonia gas over the trianiline disilicotetrafluoride the compound was decomposed with a strong evolution of heat, aniline was set free, and the product was the
* As a matter of fact, it was one of the silicic acids which was precipitated ; but as we do not know which one it was, we prefer to write it as silicic dioxide.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 25
compound of ammonia and fluoride of silicon already described by J. Davy, as was proved by the following analyses, which also show that none of the desired substance (NH3)3(SiF4)2 was formed ; and as it was not obtained under these conditions, it is fair to suppose that it cannot exist. The substances for Analyses I. and II. were prepared by washing the aniline out of the crude product of the reaction with ligroine. The substance for Analysis III. was further purified by sublimation.
I. 0.3414 grm. of the substance gave 0.1496 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.4154 grm. of sodic fluoride. II. 0.4400 grm. gave 0.1937 grm. of silicic dioxide.
III. 0.3770 grm. gave 0.1625 grm. of silicic dioxide.
IV. 0.1920 grm. gave 0.0840 grm. of silicic dioxide.
Calculated for Found.
(NH3)4(SiF4)2. I. II. III. IV.
Silicon 20.29 20.44 20.55 20.12 20.41
Fluorine 55.07 55.03
It was noticed during the purification of this substance that it sub- limed at a much higher temperature than the trianiline disilicotetra- fluoride. The reaction which takes place when trianiline disilicotetra- fluoride is treated with ammonia gas is the following :
(C0H5NH2)3(SiF4)2 + 4NII3 = (NH3)4(SiF4)2 + 3 CGH5NH2,
as was proved by its quantitative investigation.
2.8564 grm. of trianiline disilicotetrafluoride yielded after treat- ment with ammonia 1.6240 grm. of (NH„)4(SiF4)2.
Calculated Percentage according to
the Reaction given above. Found.
(NH3)4(SiF4)2 56.67 56.85
When hydrochloric acid gas is passed over trianiline disilicotetra- fluoride there is no action in the cold ; but if the substance is gently warmed, complete decomposition sets in, aniline chloride sublimes along the tube in needles, and the hydrochloric acid contains fluoride of silicon, as was shown by passing it into water when a precipitate of silicic acid was formed.
The action of ethyliodide was also tried. At 100° there was no action, but at 150° a product was formed which contained neither fluorine nor silicon, fluoride of silicon being given off when the tube was opened. Under these circumstances, we did not think it worth
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
while to try to purify the residual substance for analysis. Ethylbro- tuide acted in the same way, but with more difficulty. Strong sulphu- ric acid decomposes trianiline disilicotetrafluoride, giving off fluoride of silicon. The action of the other common reagents with this sub- stance could not be studied, because it is decomposed by water or alcohol.
Dianiline Silicotetr a fluoride, (CGH5NH2)4(SiF4)2. — This substance was formed when aniline vapor was conducted into a receiver filled with fluoride of silicon, in the hope of preparing a compound contain- ing a larger proportion of fluoride of silicon than that in the substance just described. The fact that, on the contrary, a body richer in aniline is formed, is probably to be accounted for by the high temperature at which the union of the two substances took place ; and this view is confirmed by some experiments in which we heated the trianiline disilicotetrafluoride with one molecule of aniline to 150° in a sealed tube for about five hours : the product was a purplish mass, which gave results on analysis showing that a considerable quantity of aniline had been taken up, although not quite enough to convert the trianiline disilicotetrafluoride completely into the dianiline silicotetrafluoride. As the substance prepared directly from aniline and fluoride of silicon could not be purified on account of its slight stability, it was analyzed in the crude state with the following results, which are as accurate as could be expected under these circumstances.
I. 0.3803 grm. of the substance gave 0.0826 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.2255 grm. of sodic fluoride. II. 0.3032 grm. of the substance gave 0.0645 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.1798 grm. of sodic fluoride.
|
Calculated for |
Found. |
||
|
(CcII5NH,)4(SiF4)2. |
I. |
ii. |
|
|
Silicon |
9.65 |
10.14 |
9.93 |
|
Fluorine |
26.20 |
26.83 |
26.85 |
Properties. — It is a white powder which cannot be sublimed, as it decomposes with blackening when heated. With water it is decom- posed and dissolved with deposition of silicic acid. It is possessed of but slight stability, as it gradually decomposes spontaneously even when kept in a corked tube at ordinary temperatures, the substance turning yellow and giving up aniline, which was extracted with ligro- ine, and recognized by its smell and its characteristic color with bleachiug-powder, while the residue was pure trianiline disilicotetra- fluoride, as shown by the following analyses.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 27
I. 0.2370 grm. of the substance gave 0.0578 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.1637 arm. of sodic fluoride. II. 0.1 23G grm. of the substance gave 0.0841 grm. of sodic fluoride.
Calculated for Found.
(C0U5NH,)3(SiF4)2. (CGH0NH,)4(SiF4),. I. IL
Silicon 11.50 9.65 11.39
Fluorine 31.24 26.20 31.25 30.79
In view of this decomposition of the dianiline silicotetrafluoride into aniline and trianiline disilicotetrafluoride, and also of the formation of the dianiline silicotetrafluoride by heating aniline with trianiline disili- cotetrafluoride, there seems no doubt that the real formula of this substance is (C6H.NH2)4(SiF4)2, that is, double the simplest formula determined by analysis, and that the reaction for its spontaneous decomposition is the following:
(C6H3NH2)4(SiF4)2 = C6H5NH2-t-(C6H3NH2)3(SiF4)2.
Action of Fluoride of Silicon on other Bases.
Triorthotoluidine Disilicotetrafluoride, (C7H7NH,)3(SiF4)2. — This substance was prepared by passing fluoride of silicon into a solution of orthotoluidine in benzol, when a very heavy gelatinous precipitate was formed, which was purified by washing with benzol and three sublima- tions. It can be formed also by the methods given under the aniline compound, but precipitation from a benzol solution gives the result more easily, and furnishes a purer product. Its composition was deter- mined by the following analyses.
I. 0.2100 srni. of the substance £ave 0.0476 <*rm. of silicic dioxide.
II. 0.3530 grm. of the substance gave 0.2177 grm. of sodic fluoride.
III. 0.2330 grm. of the substance gave 0.1440 grm. of sodic fluoride.
IV. 0.2050 grm. of the substance gave 0.1266 grm. of sodic fluoride.
III. IV.
27.97 27.94
Properties. — It is a white powder subliming without melting or decomposition, like the corresponding aniline compound. It dissolves in hot common alcohol, and the solution deposits on cooling orthoto- luidine fluosilicate in fine needles.
Tri paratoluidine Disilicotetrafluoride (C7H.NH.1).,(SiF4).,. — This substance was made and purified like the corresponding ortho com-
|
Calculated for |
Found. |
||
|
(C7H7ML)3(SiF4)2. |
i. |
II. |
|
|
Silicon |
10.58 |
10.58 |
|
|
Fluorine |
28.73 |
... |
27.90 |
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
pound, that is, by passing fluoride of silicon through a solution of paratoluidine in beuzol, but even after four sublimations it had a dis- tinct yellowish color; that the substance is essentially pure, however, in spite of this coloration, is shown by the following analyses.
I. 0.1928 grm. of the substance gave 0.0438 grm. of silicic dioxide. II. 0.1472 grm. of the substance gave 0.0022 grm. of sodic fluoride.
Calculated for Found.
(O^NH^SiF^j. I. II.
Silicon 10.58 10.G0
Fluorine 28.73 . . . 28.34
In properties it resembles the corresponding ortho compound, but is decidedly less stable, showing a strong tendency to turn yellow on standing, and the paratoluidine fluosilicate deposited, as the hot solu- tion of the substance in alcohol cools, crystallizes in thick needles.
Trimonochlor -aniline Disilicotetrajlaoride, (C6H4ClNHo)3(SiF4)2. — This substance was made by passing fluoride of silicon over para- chloraniline, and was purified by sublimation. Its composition was determined by the following analysis.
0.4807 grm. of the substance gave 0.0990 grm. of silicic dioxide, and 0.2G86 grm. of sodic fluoride.
for
Found.
9.61 25.29
It resembles the corresponding aniline compound in its properties, and forms with hot alcohol a solution of the parachloraniline fluosili- cate, which separates as the solution cools in beautiful long slender needles.
Parabromaniline forms a similar compound with fluoride of silicon, and gives with hot alcohol a solution depositing the parabromaniline fluosilicate in small pearly scales.
With symmetrical tribromaniline we could get no action, when we treated it with fluoride of silicon, the result of the experiment being negative, whether it was acted on alone in the solid state, or fused, or in solution in benzol. Symmetrical tribromaniline therefore does not combine with fluoride of silicon under the conditions which bring about the union with it of all the other bases studied.
Tridiphenylamine Disilicotetrajluoride, ((C6IF)2NH)3(SiF4)2. — Solid pure diphenylamine is not acted on by fluoride of silicon ; the
|
Calculated for |
|
|
(C6H4ClNH2)8(SiF4)2. |
|
|
Silicon |
9.48 |
|
Fluorine |
25.75 |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 29
statement made in a preliminary notice of this work, that a compound was formed under these conditions was incorrect, the diphenylamine used for that first experiment being impure. If, however, fluoride of silicon is passed through a solution of diphenylamine in benzol, a white crystalline precipitate is deposited slowly, which was washed with ben- zol, dried at 100°, and analyzed with the following results.
I. 0.4356 grm. of the substance gave 0.0695 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.2141 grm. of sodic fluoride. II. 0.4192 grm. of the substance gave 0.1986 grm. of sodic fluoride.
Calculated for Found.
((CGII5).,NH)3(SiF4)2. I. II.
Silicon 7.83 7.44
Fluorine 21.26 22.23 21.43
Properties. — It forms thick white needles, which are decomposed by heat into fluoride of silicon and diphenylamine. When treated with water a precipitate of diphenylamine separates, and the filtrate con- tains fluosilicic acid. A quantitative study of the reaction gave the following results.
I. 0.8135 grm. of the substance gave 0.5686 grm. of diphenylamine and 0.3040 grm. of potassic fluosilicate. II. 0.4934 grm. of the substance gave 0.3476 grm. of diphenylamine.
In the calculated percentages given below, it is assumed that all the diphenylamine is separated by the action of the water, and that four molecules of the compound will yield five of potassic fluosilicate, i. e. that the reaction with water is analogous to that of the corresponding aniline compound.
Calculated. Found.
I. II.
Diphenylamine 70.91 69.89 70.44
Potassic fluosilicate 38.50 37.37
If, as the numbers obtained seem to show, the reaction is similar to that of the trianiline disilicotetrafluoride with water, silicic acid should have been set free; but no trace of it could be discovered, the solution being free from any precipitate except the diphenylamine, and upon evaporation to dryness leaving no residue, while that silicic acid had not been carried clown by the diphenylamine was shown by burning it, and also by dissolving it in benzol. In neither case did it leave a residue. "We have not been able to find any explanation for this curious observation, or to account for the formation of fluosilicic acid
30 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
without the formation of silicic acid at the same time. That the soluble product was principally fluosilicic acid is proved by the fact that it gave a precipitate with potassic chloride.
Tridimethylan iline Disilicotetr a fluoride, ( Cc IT N ( C H„) 2) 3 ( Si F4) 2. — Fluoride of silicon has no action ou dimethylaniline alone, but, if the gas is passed through a solution of dimethylaniline in benzol, a floccu- lent precipitate is formed, which is gradually converted into a gummy mass that crystallizes on standing. The crystals were purified by washing with benzol and ligroine, dried at 100°, and analyzed.
0.1 0G6 grm. of the substance gave 0.0220 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.0584 grm. of sodic fluoride.
Calculated for Found.
(C6HBN(CH3)2)3(SiF4)2.
Silicon 9.81 9.63
Fluorine 26.62 24.77
The number for the fluorine is far from satisfactory, which is ac- counted for by the difficulty of purifying this decidedly unmanageable substance. It is, however, near enough to show that the substauce can have no other composition than that assigned to it by us.
Properties. — It forms an indistinct crystalline mass, which is de- composed by heat, and gives no stable fluosilicate, when treated with alcohol.
Trichinoline Disilicotetrafluoride, (C0HrN)3 (SiF4)2. — Chinoline alone is not acted on by fluoride of silicon ; but, if the gas is passed through a solution of chinoline in benzol, a gummy precipitate is formed at first, which becomes gradually converted into needle-shaped crystals. The product was purified by washing with benzol or ligro- ine, and dried at 100°. The same substance is obtained when chino- line fluosilicate is sublimed, and the analysis numbered II. is of a preparation made in this way.
I. 0.1634 grm. of the substance gave 0.0323 grm. of silicic dioxide. II. 0.0730 grm. of the substance gave 0.0404 grm. of sodic fluoride.
|
Calculated for |
Found. |
|
|
(09H7N)3(SiF4)2. |
I. II. |
|
|
Silicon |
9.41 |
9.23 |
|
Fluorine |
25.55 |
25.0: |
Properties. — It crystallizes in needles, and sublimes without melt- ing, or decomposition. Although hot alcohol usually decomposes it,
|
Calculated for |
|
|
(C9II7N)3(SiF4)2. |
|
|
Silicon |
9.41 |
|
Fluorine |
23.55 |
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES. 31
as described below, on one occasion it dissolved it without decomposi- tion, and this solution gave on cooling thick needles, which gave the following results on analysis.
0.0903 grin, of the substance gave 0.0176 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.0506 grm. of sodic fluoride.
Calculated for
Found.
9.10
25.38
On addition of water the substance analyzed was decomposed with deposition of silicic acid. We have not succeeded, however, in re- peating this experiment, as in all other cases the product from the action of hot alcohol has been chinoline fluosilicate, which crystallizes in long thick needles, as the solution cools, and gives a clear solution with water. Its composition was determined by the following anal- yses of the substance purified by two crystallizations.
I. 0.1244 grm. of the substance gave 0.0200 grm. of silicic dioxide. II. 0.2054 grm. of the substance gave 0.0325 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.1254 sfrm. of sodic fluoride.
|
Calculated for |
Found. |
||
|
(C9H7N)2H2SiFc. |
i. |
II. |
|
|
Silicon |
6.96 |
7.50 |
7.38 |
|
Fluorine |
28.35 |
... |
27.64 |
The trichinoline disilicotetrafluoride resembles the corresponding aniline compound closely in its properties.
Didhnethylamine Silicotetrafluor ide, ((CH3)2NH)4(SiF4)2- — When dry dimethylamine (prepared according to Baeyer and Caro) was mixed with fluoride of silicon, a white powder was deposited, which wras analyzed in the crude state, since it could not be purified because of its very slight stability.
0.2320 grm. of the substance gave 0.0740 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.2038 srrm. of sodic fluoride.
ted for
Found.
14.89 39.75
Properties. — A white solid, which like the corresponding compound of aniline is very unstable, decomposing spontaneously at ordinary
|
Calculated for |
|
|
((CH3)2NH)4(SiF4)2. |
|
|
Silicon |
14.43 |
|
Fluorine |
39.17 |
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
temperatures into dimethylamine and the following compound, — a decomposition which is hastened by heat.
Tridimethylamine Disilicotetrafluoride, ((CH3)2NH),(SiF4)2. — This substance was made by subliming the compound just described, when dimethylamine was given off as a secondary product. It was purified by a second sublimation, and its composition determined by the fol- lowing analyses.
I. 0.1871 grm. of the substance gave 0.0660 grm. of silicic dioxide. II. 0.2800 grm. of the substance gave 0.0960 grm. of silicic dioxide and 0.2694 grm. of sodic fluoride.
|
Calculated for |
Fo |
und |
|
|
((CH3)2NH)3(SiF4)2. |
I. |
II. |
|
|
Silicon |
16.33 |
16.46 |
16.00 |
|
Fluorine |
44.31 |
... |
43.53 |
Properties. — It is a white powder resembling the corresponding aniline compound in appearance and behavior when heated, although it sublimes at a higher temperature. It also differs from the aniline compound in being deliquescent.
Finally, we may add the following experiments, which gave pro- ducts of so little promise that we did not attempt to analyze them, but which show that fluoride of silicon acts also on alkaloids, and on amides which can form salts.
Fur/urine, when treated in benzol solution with fluoride of silicon, gave a gummy mass similar to that obtained from dimethylaniline, which however did not crystallize on standing.
Dry powdered urea was converted by fluoride of silicon into a pasty mass, which was decomposed with evolution of ammonia, when the attempt was made to sublime it. The sublimate contained fluorine and silicon, but we did not continue the study of it, as we had no guaranty that it was a homogeneous substance.
Constitution op the Silicotetrafltjorides.
Although we have not succeeded in obtaining an absolute direct proof of the constitution of the substances described in this paper, we have been able to reduce the possible formulas that can be as- signed to them to a very small number by the following course of reasoning. In the first place, we assume that all the substances described in this paper, which contain three molecules of the base combined with two of fluoride of silicon, have the same constitution, an assumption which is justified by the fact that they are all made
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES. 33
by the direct addition of fluoride of silicon to the base, and also by the strong resemblance in their properties, the differences observed being such as might well occur among substances belonging to the same class.
Upon considering, in general, the way in which the fluoride of sili- con could attach itself to a base, we have been able to find only three probable methods, which we will proceed to discuss as applied to our compounds, (a.) By replacing the hydrogen of the amido group, forming a substance which would be at once an anilid and a fluosili- cate. This method would seem at first sight the most probable, es- pecially since A. Harden * has found that chloride of silicon gives with aniline SiCl2(NHCGH.)2 and aniline chloride ; but this mode of union is impossible, since both chinoline and dimethylaniline, which contain no hydrogen attached to their nitrogen, form compounds of this class, (b.) By the action of the fluoride of silicon on the benzol ring, forming a substance analogous to pararosaniline fluosilicate. This hypothesis, which is improbable on account of the ease with which the substances are broken up by water, is rendered entirely inadmissible by the formation of the dimethylamine compound, which contains no ring, (c.) On the supposition that the fluoride of silicon combines with the base to form a sort of salt, this view is the only one compatible with our results, and its correctness is confirmed by the observation that all the substances tried formed salts with one exception, tribromaniline, and that this was the only one which did not form a silicotetrafluoride ; further, the stability of the silicotetra- fluorides keeps pace with the stability of the salts of the bases, those like aniline, the two toluidines, parachloraniline, chinoline, and dime- thylamine, which form stable salts, giving silicotetrafluorides, which can be sublimed without decomposition, whereas diphenylamine and di- methylaniline gave compounds decomposed by heat. That the salts of diphenylamine are unstable, being decomposed by water, is well known, and although we have not been able to find any published statement about the salts of dimethylaniline that would imply they are unstable, our own work has furnished the proof that the fluosilicate at least is less stable than that of aniline, as only the products of the decomposition of the fluosilicate were obtained, when water was added to the tridimethylaniline disilicotetrafluoride.
We infer, then, from the arguments given above, that the nitrogen in the silicotetrafluorides is in the quinquivalent condition, and think it
* J. Lond. Chem. Soc, 1887, i. 40.
VOL. XXIII. (N. S. XV.) 3
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
most probable that one of the two additional bonds is satisfied by sili- con, the other by fluorine, and that the following graphic formula re- presents its constitution. It should be remembered, however, that this formula is only the most probable one, for, as already stated, we have been able to bring no absolute proof of its correctness.
Hg = -pg--C6H6 C6H* - JN — F2 — Si F2 — — Si — F2 — JN — C6V
If this formula is adopted, the formation of the silicotetrafluorides can be explained in the following way. In the first place one mole- cule of the fluoride of silicon acts upon one molecule of the base to give the group
C6H6-ll -F
and, although this mode of union seems strange at first sight, it is not without analogy, if we consider the close relationship of silicon and carbon, as then it is similar to the formation of ammonium salts by the action of methyliodide on a base, as shown by the following re- actions :
C6H5NH2 + CH3I - C6H5 - IN - I
H- = AT - SiF3 .
iF.,F = CaHs - IN - F
CGH5NH2 + SiF8* .= ^5 Since the group
CfiHs-lN -F
â– ^"s
is at once a fluoride and a substituted fluoride of silicon, an action next takes place similar to the formation of a fluosilicate from a fluo- ride and fluoride of silicon, thus :
C6H; - N - F1 3 = C6Hs - ]N-F=F- Si = Fs ;
K — F = F— CI _v
4 = K — F = F — Oi ~~ 2 *
2 KF + SiF
In this reaction the formation is assumed of the bivalent radical F2n, which has been proved to exist in hydrofluoric acid by Mallet's de- termination* of the vapor-density leading to the formula H2F2, and the assumption of the presence of which in fluosilicic acid explains its relation to silicic acid in the most satisfactory way. The substance
* Am. Chem. J., iii. 189.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 35
C6Hg — JN - Fo— Oi = F2
next acts on another molecule of the base in the same way that the fluoride of silicon did originally, forming
Ho = AT — CSH5
H2 = AJ 0--JN -F6 5;
C6II5 — il — F2— Oi-F
but it would seem that the acid nature of the silicon has been so weakened by the introduction of two aniline molecules, that the atom of fluorine left attached to the silicon cannot combine with the fluorine attached to the nitrogen, and therefore this latter is saturated by the more acid fluorine of a fluoride of silicon carrying only one aniline molecule, thus :
H2 = AT - C6HS
H2 C6H5-±^| F2-k3i-F TF-Oi — F2-±T| --C6H5
- JN -Fo- Oi - F + F - Si-F2- N -
H„=XT-C6H5 .H? — JN — F2— fei — F F— fei — Fo — JN — a
C6H^ — ±1 -_F2-Oi — F F_Oi — Fo — JlX --CBH6"
If then the two atoms of fluorine remaining attached simply to silicon are united, the formula given above is constructed. Our only reason for joining these last atoms of fluorine is that it makes the molecule more symmetrical, but it is also possible that they remain univalent.
Turning next to the compounds formed by the union of the base and fluoride of silicon in the proportion of two molecules of the for- mer to one of the latter ; as has been already argued, it is necessary to double the simplest formula which can be assigned to these sub- stances, because they break up into the free base and the compound of three molecules of the base to two of fluoride of silicon, and also be- cause they can be formed by a reaction the reverse of this decompo- sition. If, then, the formula discussed above is given to the trianiline disilicotetrafluoride, the formula of the dianiline silicotetrafluoride must be
Ho = AT-C6H5
C6Hs — JN — F2 — fei — F2 — "VT — fch — F2 — JN — C6H5'
CfiHs
and the very slight stability of the substance can be explained by the neutralization of the acid properties of the silicon and fluorine, already alluded to, by the introduction of so many molecules of base, which makes them hold the last molecule of the base with comparatively
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
little force. On the other hand, we have not been able to find any explanation for the stability of the compound derived from ammonia, as the only one we could think of — viz. that the ammonia being a stronger base than aniline would attach itself more firmly to the slightly acid molecule — is rendered inadmissible by the slight stability of the compound made from dimethylamine, a base nearly, if not quite, as strong as ammonia itself. It is possible that the ammonia com- pound has an entirely different constitution from the compounds of the organic bases, but we have no experimental material for testing the cor- rectness of this hypothesis except Mixter's determination * of the vapor density of this substance, which showed that it was dissociated into four volumes of ammonia and two of fluoride of silicon, and therefore that the simplest formula of the ammonia compound must be doubled, which would look as if it had a constitution similar to the organic compounds.
We may add that Harden f obtained by the action of chloride of silicon on pyridine, or chinoline compounds (C5H5N)2SiCl4, and (C9H7N)2SiCl4 ; but as they give up chloride of silicon spontaneously, it is probable that they are not analogous in constitution to our sub- stances.
The study of the action of fluoride of silicon on organic bases will be continued by one of us in this Laboratory.
* Am. Chem. J., ii. 153.
t J. Lond. Chem. Soc, 1887, i. 40.
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES. 37
V. CATALOGUE OF ALL RECORDED METEORITES,
WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIMENS IN THE HARVARD
COLLEGE COLLECTION, INCLUDING THE CABINET OF
THE LATE J. LAWRENCE SMITH.
By Oliver Whipple Huntington, Ph. D.,
Instructor in Mineralogy and Chemistry.
Presented June 15, 1887.
The nucleus of the collection of meteorites in the Mineralogical Museum of Harvard College was a small collection made by Professor Cooke, and representing altogether about fifty falls. In October, 1883, the well-known collection of J. Lawrence Smith was purchased for the College by subscription. Professor Smith, being anxious that the collection should be kept together, himself subscribed for the purchase. The following are the names of the subscribers : —
J. Lawrence Smith. H. H. Hunnewell.
Josiah P. Cooke. Martin Brimmer.
Alexander Agassiz. Henry P. Kidder.
Anne Wigglesworth. George H. Norman.
With this addition the collection has become worthy of special notice, and is very rich in iron meteorites, of which about one hundred falls are represented, including several large individual specimens. The collection contains many fine examples of large cleavage crys- tals, which have been studied with great care, and are particularly described in this catalogue. It contains also numerous etched slabs, and in describing these attention is called to the character of the figures, and also to the variation of these figures, not only on different sections of the same meteorite, but frequently on different parts of the same section.
The collection of stones is not nearly so complete as that of the irons, and no attempt has been made to study their structure, or to
38 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
classify them lithologically, which has already been so admirably done by Tschermak and Brezina. In this catalogue no natural system of classification has been attempted, but the falls have been arranged chronologically, and, in the absence of any generally accepted system, this appears to be the most convenient order for reference.
In the arrangement of the catalogue, the left-hand column gives the dates of fall or find of all recorded meteorites, and in making out this list the catalogues of all the well-known museums were consulted ; but where there were discrepancies the catalogue of the Vienna Col- lection was followed, in absence of positive evidence derived from original authorities. In the case of observed falls, the dates given must be very generally correct. It is quite different, however, with the " date of find," and we were constantly unable to reconcile the conflicting evidence on this point, which greatly interferes with the definiteness of a chronological arrangement.
The numbers in the second column, which we may call the cata- logue numbers, designate the successive falls thus chronologically arranged. On the same line with the catalogue number is given the locality, the names by which the meteorite is commonly known being printed in small capitals ; and these names alone appear in the index. In the third column are given the weights of the various specimens in the Harvard collection, and, at the right, a brief description of them. Before the description of the largest specimen under each fall, it is stated whether the specimen is an iron or a stone, without any attempt at a more exact specification, the object being merely to assist in the identification. In order to add authority to the catalogue, after the description of each specimen it is stated in brackets from whence it came into the possession of the College.
As it was found impossible to reconcile the statements of different catalogues in regard to pseudo-meteorites, no separate list of them has been made, but the opinions which we have formed in regard to the specimens in the Harvard collection are expressed in the context. It is impossible in this collection, as it must be in others, to establish be- yond doubt the authenticity of some of the specimens, and discrep- ancies may readily arise on this account.
The specimens starred in the catalogue are duplicates intended for exchange, but will only be exchanged for masses of approximately similar weight and value.
The Harvard Cabinet also contains a great quantity of the Green- land iron, together with the associated rocks, which we hope to de- scribe in detail in a subsequent paper.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 39
The alphabetical index appended to this catalogue includes all the names by which the meteorites are commonly known, and refers both to the page and catalogue number.
Figures illustrating some of the most striking examples of crystalline structure have been grouped in five plates, and are referred to in the catalogue by numbers. On the plates, in connection with the number of the figure, is also given the number of the page on which the speci- men is described.
Although great care has been taken in the preparation of the cata- logue, and many of the mistakes of previous catalogues have been corrected, yet the writer fears that many of the data which have been accepted on the best authority may be erroneous, and that this cata- logue is by no means perfect. Even in regard to the circumstances of an observed fall, entire reliance can seldom be placed on the testi- mony of the original observers, who are often untrained, and over- powered by the startling phenomena ; and there is frequently the difficulty of reconciling conflicting testimony. The connection between the fire-ball which attracted attention and the meteorite subsequently found is often only assumed, and not established.
The facts connected with the discovery of a meteorite are often more difficult to determine than those of an authentic fall. The only date which should be recognized is that of the publication in which the meteoric origin of the mass is first recognized ; but after this is made known, it often appears that the specimen had been seen several years previously, and the discovery has been frequently antedated on the ground of such uncertain evidence. Again, it is often difficult to decide, especially in the case of meteoric irons, whether they really represent distinct falls. In some cases, pieces obviously of the same fall have become scattered over quite wide geographical areas, either as the result of successive explosions during the original flight of the meteorite, or else because distributed by human agency on account of some supposed value or sacred association. Moreover, the artificial value which rare meteoric specimens have acquired naturally inclines collectors to regard each new find as a distinct fall, and to enhance the value of the specimen by keeping it undivided. Such, and many other questions, which could not be settled with the limited means afforded even by so large a collection as that of Harvard College, have arisen in the preparation of this catalogue. Still, it is hoped that the work may be found of value in verifying and extending the history of these remarkable bodies.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Prehistoric. Found on the altar of an Indian mound in Ohio,
U. S. A. LaCaille. Etched face cut parallel to an assumed cube plane, and
showing in section plates parallel to the regular dodecahedron octa- hedron and twin octahedron. Coahuila or Butcher Iron. Printed directly from an etched slab
of the meteorite, showing Neumann lines. Coahuila or Butcher Iron. Enlarged sketch, a cleavage crystal,
a portion of a twin cube, with an octahedral modification. Coahuila or Butcher Iron. Cleavage crystal showing how the
Neumann lines can all be referred to a cube with twin members on
all of the trigonal axes. Putnam County. Etched face of a natural octahedron, showing
Widmanstiittian plates, and at the same time a granular structure. Careyfort, De Kalb County. Showing the etched figures on a
surface cut parallel to a natural octahedral face. Braunau. Showing twinning lines as they appear on a natural cube
face. Cranberry Plains. Two faces of a natural octahedron, showing on
one side bent plates, and on the other only a mottled surface. Knoxville, Tazewell County. An etched face, showing verj' fine
octahedral crystallization. Coopertown, Robertson County. Showing etched figures on an
octahedral face, and a face cut at right angles. The plates lettered
a are cubic, those lettered b dodecahedral, and the rest octahedral. Fig. 12. Russel Gulch. Printed directly from an etched slab, showing bent
Widmanstattian plates. Fig. 13. Frankfort, Franklin County. Large cleavage octahedron. Fig. 14. Barranca Bianca. Etched face, showing very striking figures. Fig. 15. Butler, Bates County. Shows an etched face with Widmanstattian
figures, extending to the finest Neumann lines. The small figure
at the left, shows one face of a very perfect cleavage octahedron
with octahedral and dodecahedral markings. Fig. 16. Mica from Chandler's Hollow, Delaware, with depositions of
magnetite along the planes of crystalline growth, showing the
formation of figures similar to the Widmanstattian, by the exclusion
of foreign material in the process of crystallization.
|
Fig. |
1. |
|
Fig. |
2. |
|
Fig. |
3. |
|
Fig. |
4. |
|
Fig. |
5. |
|
Fig. |
6. |
|
Fig. |
7. |
|
Fig. |
8. |
|
Fig. |
9. |
|
Fig. |
10. |
|
Fig. |
11. |
Plate I.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.
Prehistoric. Page 41.
k*
La Caille. Page 42
Coahuila (Butcher Iron). Page 59. FlG- 4- Fig. 6.
Coahuila (Butcher Iron). Page 59.
Putnam County. Page 61.
Plate II.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 8.
Braunau ( Hauptmannsdorf). Page 68.
Knoxville (Tazewell Co.). Page 72.
Fig. 9.
Coahuila (Butcher Iron). Page 59.
Cranberry Plains. Page 70.
Fig. 7.
Careyfort (T)e Kalb Co.) Page 64.
Plate III.
Fig. 11.
Coopertovvn, Robertson County. Page 79.
Fig. 12.
Barranca Blanca. Page 86.
Russel Gulch. Page 83.
Plate IV.
Fig. 13.
Franklin County. Pasre 86.
Plate V.
Fig. 15.
Butler (Rates Co.). Paee 92. Fig. 16.
£1?W\
Mica from Chandler's Hollow (Delaware). Page 40.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
41
Date of Fall or Find.
Prehistoric.
Prehistoric.
Fell 1164. Found 1751.
Fell 1164? Found 1847.
No.
Weight
in Grams.
187
29.5
225.3
38
13
Description.
Anderson, Little Miami Valley, Ohio, U. S. A.
Found on the altar of Mound No. 4 of the Turner Group of earthworks in Little Miami Valley.
The greater portion of the original mass. One polished face. Structure closely resembling the Pallas iron. [From the Peabody Museum.]
* Full-sized slab, polished and etched, differing from the Pallas and Atacama meteorites in showing, occasionally, well-marked Widmanstattian plates, crossing completely the iron portions, without regard to the more minutely crystallized parts, as shown in the accompanying diagram, Fig. 1. [From the Peabody Museum.]
Anderson, Little Miami Valley, Ohio, U. S. A.
Found on the altar of Mound No. 3 of the Turner Group.
Mass of iron, with one face cut and etched, showing figures closely re- sembling those of the Coahuila irons. [From the Peabody Museum.']
Steinbach, Saxony.
Network of iron, enclosing olivine grains. One face polished and etched, the iron showing well-marked Widman- stattian figures, about like Jewell Hill or Obernkirchen. [Smith Collection. From W. NevileJ]
Rittersgrun, Erzgebirge, Saxony.
Slab polished and etched on all but one edge, where it shows the crust. Same network of iron enclosing grains of olivine and magnetite. [Purchased from the Liebener Collection.]
* Similar to the previous polished slab. [Smith Collection. From James R. Gregory.]
* Only one face polished, the rest crust. [Srnith Collection.]
42
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1164?
Found 1861,
Fell 1400? Recognized 1811
Fell 1492.
Nov. 16, 12J p. m.
Known in 1600? Recognized 1828.
No.
Weight
in Grams.
61
60
147 23.2
09
8.4
304.2
Description.
Breitenbach, Platten, Bohemia.
Four polished faces cut at right an- gles to each other, and the rest crust. [Smith Collection. From Wohler.]
* Like the previous specimen. [-Smith Collection. From Wohler.]
Ragged specimen, appearing rough- er than the specimens of Steinbach and Rittersgriin, and showing beautiful glas- sy crystals of olivine, highly modified. All the specimens of this group have effusions of chloride of iron. [Smith Collection. From Wohler. J
Elbogen, Bohemia.
Iron. One large polished surface, the rest showing crust. [Smith Collec- tion.']
* Beautifully etched slab, showing well marked Widmanstattian figures. [Smith Collection.]
Ensisheim, Elsass, Germany.
Stone. One polished surface, show- ing a mass of iron in one part, and iron grains distributed through the rest. [Smith Collection. From Wohler.]
Irregular fragment. [Smith Collec- tion, From Wohler.]
La Caille, near Grasse, Alpes Mari- times, France.
For about two centuries it was in front of the church of La Caille, and was used as a seat. Its meteoric origin was recognized by Brard in 1828.
Highly crystalline iron. Shows three natural octahedral faces, and one do- decahedral face an inch in diameter, which is exactly at 145° with an adja- cent octahedral face as shown by an ap- plication goniometer. This face, being a single plate, shows no figures when etched, but only a mottled appearance. Fig. 2 shows of original size an etched face of this specimen, cut parallel to an assumed cube face. There is also an- other etched face cut at right angles to the one in the figure, so that the direc- tion of the plates may be observed. In
.1
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
43
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Fig. 2 octahedral plates appeal- in sec- |
|||
|
tion running parallel to a c and c d, |
|||
|
while those in the direction a b are |
|||
|
parallel to the dodecahedron, and those |
|||
|
in the direction c e, making an angle of |
|||
|
66° 19' with c d, are plates of the twin |
|||
|
octahedron. [Smith Collection.] |
|||
|
Fell 1668. June. |
7 |
Vago, near Caldiero, Verona, Italy. |
|
|
Fell 1715. |
8 |
Schellin, Garz, near Stargard, Pomera- |
|
|
April 11, 4 P.M. |
nia, Prussia. |
||
|
Fell 1723. |
9 |
Ploschkowitz, Reichstadt, Bohemia. |
|
|
June 22. |
|||
|
Fell about 1730. |
10 |
Ogi, Kiusiu, Japan. |
|
|
Found 1719. |
11 |
Medwedewa, Krasnojarsk, Siberia. (The Pallas iron.) |
|
|
172 |
Ragged mass, with one surface cut and polished, showing network of iron enclosing olivine grains. [Purchased from Louis Saemann, Paris.] |
||
|
9 |
* Ragged specimen, most of the oli- vine having fallen out. [Smith Collec- tion. From Louis Saemann.] |
||
|
54.5 |
* Ragged specimen, like the above. [Purchased from Louis Saemann.] |
||
|
Fell 1751. |
12 |
Agram, Hraschina, Croatia. First iron |
|
|
May 26, 6 p. M. |
seen to fall. |
||
|
6.3 |
Thin plate, polished on one side and etched on the other, showing fine Wid- manstattian figures. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1753. |
13 |
Krawin, Tabor, near Plan and Strkow, |
|
|
July 3, 8 p. m. |
Bohemia. |
||
|
14.3 |
Gray stone, full of rusty iron grains. Three cut faces at right angles, the rest showing dull, black crust. [Smith Col- lection.] |
||
|
Fell 1753. |
14 |
Luponnas, Ain, France. |
|
|
Sept. 7, 1 p. m. |
|||
|
Known 1763. |
15 |
Siratik, Senegal, West Africa. |
|
|
22.8 |
Iron. Etched surface appears mot- tled, with occasional fine lines, but on being magnified the entire surface shows minute crystallization. [Smith Collection.] |
44
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in |
Description. |
|
16 |
Grams. |
||
|
Fell 17G6. |
Albareto, Modena, Italy. |
||
|
Middle of July, 5 p. m. |
|||
|
Fell 1768. |
17 |
Luce (Maine), Sarthe, France. |
|
|
Sept. 13, 4£ P. m. |
|||
|
Fell 17G8. |
18 |
Mauerkirohen, Bavaria, now Austria. |
|
|
Nov. 20, 4 p. m. |
9 |
Stone. Light gray, with fine iron grains. Irregular fragment, showing dull black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1773. |
19 |
Sena, Sigena, Aragon, Spain. |
|
|
Nov. 17, 12 a.m. |
|||
|
Found 1783. |
20 |
Campo del Cielo, Otumpa, Tucuman, Argentine Republic, South America. |
|
|
149 |
Iron. Irregular slab, with one face polished and etched. The figures brought out by the acid are peculiar, consisting of unusually broad and somewhat indefinite plates, most of which are cracked into irregular poly- gonal masses, while others are com- pact and exhibit beautiful Neumann lines. [Purchased from Ward and Howell.'] |
||
|
20.2 |
* Irregular mass with one face pol- ished and etched, but showing no fig- ures. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1784. |
21 |
Sierra Blanca, Durango, Mexico. |
|
|
Found 1784. |
22 |
IXTLAHUACA, TOLUCA, Mexico. |
|
|
248 |
Iron. Specimen shows crust, also three faces cut at right angles and etched, showing well-marked Widman- stiittian figures. [Purchased from Ward and Howell.] |
||
|
Found 1784. |
22 |
Xiquipilco, Toluca, Mexico. |
|
|
14,740 |
A complete individual, covered with a smooth crust, which flakes off in scales if exposed to the air. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
18,369 |
Large mass with crust, and one pol- ished face, showing large nodules of troilite. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
786 |
Very thin polished slab, full size, showing sections of unusually large nodules of troilite. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
88 |
* Slab, etched, showing very good Widmanstattian figures, also crust. [Smith Collection.] |
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES.
45
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Found 1784. |
23 |
Bembdego, Bahia, Brazil. |
|
|
14.3 |
Iron. One face etched, showing im- perfect Widmanstattian figures. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1784. |
21 |
Hacienda de Concepcion, Chihua- hua, Mexico. |
|
|
3.5 |
Iron. Irregular piece. [Smith Col- lection. Gift of Dr. H. B. Butcher.] |
||
|
Fell 1785. |
25 |
Wittmess, Eichstadt, Bavaria. |
|
|
Feb. 2. |
|||
|
Fell 1787. |
26 |
Kharkov, Bobrik, Russia. |
|
|
Oct. 13,3 p.m. |
|||
|
Fell 1790. |
27 |
Barbotan, Landes, France. |
|
|
July 24, 9 p. M. |
10 |
Stone. Gray groundmass, partly breccia and partly rounded grains. Polished face, showing grains of iron thickly distributed through the mass. [Smith Collection.'] |
|
|
2.3 |
* Some small bits. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1792. |
28 |
Zacatecas, Mexico. |
|
|
143.2 |
Iron. One face etched, showing fig- ures little better than cast-iron. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
138 |
* Similar to previous specimen. Shows octahedral structure on surface of fracture. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1793. |
29 |
Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. |
|
|
110.5 |
Thin slab of iron. Etched, but show- ing no figures. [From the collection of Baumhauer and Stiirtz.] |
||
|
Fell 1794. |
30 |
Siena, Tuscany, Italy. |
|
|
June 16, 7 p. m. |
5 |
Stone, gray, breccia-like, with grains of iron scattered through the mass. Specimen shows dull brown crust, and one polished face. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1795. |
31 |
Wold Cottage, Thwing, Yorkshire, |
|
|
Dec. 13, 3£ p. M. |
England. |
||
|
65 |
Stone, with dull brown crust. Two polished surfaces at right angles show grains of iron very unequally distrib- uted through the mass. The specimen is intersected by several cracks filled in with crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
1.5 |
* Small bits. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1797. |
32 |
Bjelaja Zerkow, Ukraine, Kiew, Russia. |
|
|
Jan. 4. |
46
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1798.
March 8-12, 6 P. M.
Fell 1798.
Dec. 13, 8 p. M. About 1800.
No.
33
34
35
Found 1802.
Fell 1803.
April 26, 1 p. m.
36
37
Fell 1803.
Oct. 8, 10 A. M.
Fell 1803.
Dec. 13, 10J a. m.
Weight
in Grams.
6.5
187
118.5
165
78
2.5 2.0 1.5J
ono
38
39
90
76
127
Description.
Salles, Villefranche, Rhone, France. Stone, light gray, compact. One polished face showing grains of iron scattered through it. Brown crust. [Smith Collection.']
Krahut, Benares, India.
Imilac, Atacama, Bolivia, South • America.
Iron network enclosing olivine grains, like the Pallas iron.
Slab, polished and etched, the iron in some parts showing well-marked typical Widmanstattian figures.
* Slab, polished and etched like the previous specimen.
Irregular mass, considerably weath- ered on the exterior.
* Like the previous specimen, only a little more ragged from some of the olivine grains having fallen out.
* Ragged bits of the iron.
Albacher Muhle, Bitburg, Rhenish Prussia.
Iron. Porous mass looking like an iron slag, owing to its having been passed through a furnace at Treves. The specimen has two polished faces cut at right angles, but shows no fig- ures when etched. In one part shows a distinct black crust. [Smith Collec- tion. From James R. Gregory.]
L'Aigle, Normandie, Orne, France.
Stone, gray, compact, with rusty iron grains. Shows dull brown crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Fragment without crust. [Pur- chased from Ward and Howell.]
Saurette, Apt. Vaucluse, France. Stone. Large polished slab, with rusty grains of iron thickly distributed through the mass, giving it a mottled brown color. [Smith Collection.]
Saint Nicholas, Massing, Bavaria.
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES.
47
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Known 1804. |
40 |
Charcas, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. |
|
|
37 |
Iron. Thin slab, showing crust and three polished faces. One etched face shows typical Widmanstattian figures. [This specimen teas presented to Prof. J. Lawrence Smith by the Paris Mu- seum.^ |
||
|
14 |
A piece showing crust, also three polished faces. This specimen bears the same stamped number of J. L. Smith's Catalogue, but shows no Wid- manstattian figures, and is more prob- ably a specimen of one of the Coahuila irons. |
||
|
Known 1804. |
41 |
Misteca, Oaxaca, Mexico. |
|
|
Found 1804. |
42 |
Rancho de la Pila, Durango, Mexico. |
|
|
34 |
Iron. Thin slab, highly polished on one side; other side etched, showing typical Widmanstattian figures. Crust on edges. [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
Found 1S04. |
43 |
Darmstadt, Hesse. |
|
|
Fell 1804. |
44 |
High Possil, Glasgow, Scotland. |
|
|
April 5. |
: |
||
|
Fell 1804. |
45 |
Hacienda de Bocas, San Luis Potosi, |
|
|
Nov. 24. |
Mexico. |
||
|
Fell 1805. |
46 |
Doroninsk, Irkutsk, Siberia. |
|
|
April 6, 5 p. m. |
|||
|
Fell 1803. |
47 |
Constantinople, Turkey. |
|
|
June, Day. |
|||
|
Fell 1805. |
48 |
Asco, Corsica. |
|
|
Nov. |
|||
|
Fell 1806. |
49 |
Alais, Card, France. |
|
|
Mar. 15, 5 P. m. |
6.5 |
Stone. Small fragments of dark brown earthy meteorite. [Smith Col- lection.'] * Also some powder. [Exchanged with C. U. Shejmrd from the cabinet of Vauquelin.] |
|
|
Fell 1807. |
50 |
Timoschin, Smolensk, Russia. |
|
|
Mar. 25, p. m. |
7 |
Stone. Light gray with rusty iron grains, and black crust. [Smith Col- lection.] |
48
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Fell 1S07. |
51 |
Weston, Fairfield Co., Connecticut, |
|
|
Dec. 14,6.30 a.m. |
U. S. A. |
||
|
135.5 |
Stone. Looking something like a mass of old mortar. Gray with rounded grains, like a fine conglomerate, with specks of iron scattered through it, and showing a dull black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
20.5 |
* Irregular fragment, showing crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
15.5 |
* Irregular fragment, showing crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
17 |
* Same, without crust. [Smith Col- lection.] |
||
|
16 |
* Same, without crust. [Old Col- lection.] |
||
|
11 |
* Same, without crust. [Old Col- lection.] |
||
|
6 |
* Same, without crust. [Old Col- lection.] |
||
|
2 |
* Same, without crust. [S?nith Col- lection.] |
||
|
Fell 1808. |
52 |
Moradabad, Northwest Provinces, India. |
|
|
Found 1808. |
53 |
Cross Timbers, Red River, Texas. |
|
|
1,737 |
Iron. Slab, from the " Gibbs Mete- orite " of Yale College. Etched, show- ing typical AVidmanstiittian figures. [Presented by Dr. W. Gibbs from the cabinet of his father.] |
||
|
22 |
Fragment, with one face polished. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1808. |
54 |
Borgo San Donino,Cusignano, Noceto, |
|
|
April 19, 12 m. |
Parma, Italy. |
||
|
.5 |
Stone. Light gray with dull black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1808. |
55 |
Stannern, Iglau, Moravia. |
|
|
May 22, 6 a. m. |
183.5 |
Stone. A complete individual coated with a black vitreous crust, covered with a curious veining, as if the palm of the hand had been pressed upon it and removed when the coating was semi-fluid. [S?nith Collection.] |
|
|
30.5 |
Fragment of gray and white stone nearly covered with crust, but only |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
49
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grains. |
Description. |
|
part of the crust exhibiting the veined |
|||
|
character just mentioned. [Smith Col- |
|||
|
lection.] |
|||
|
11 |
* Fragment without crust. [Pur- chased from the Liebener Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1808. |
56 |
Lissa, Bunzlau, Bohemia. |
|
|
Sept. 3, 3£p.m. |
6.5 |
Stone. Gray, with very little iron, and smooth dull black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
.5 |
Fragment, showing crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
.5 |
Fragment, showing crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1809. |
57 |
Kikino, Viasma, Smolensk, Russia. |
|
|
Found 1810. |
58 |
Rokicky, Brahin, Minsk, Russia. |
|
|
35 |
Iron. Ragged end, with one face polished, and etched, but showing only Neumann lines. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1810. |
59 |
Santa Rosa, Tunja, New Granada, South America. |
|
|
Found 1810. |
60 |
Ciiartres, Eure et Loire, France. |
|
|
Found 1810. |
61 |
Rasgata, Tocavita, New Granada, South America. |
|
|
4 or 5 |
Iron. Thin slab, mounted in ce- ment. Polished face shows well- marked Widmanstattian figures. [In exchange from S. C. H. Bailey.] |
||
|
Fell 1810. |
62 |
Mooresfort, Tipperary, Ireland. |
|
|
August, Noon. |
7 |
Stone. Dark gray, with smooth black crust. One polished face shows iron grains thickly distributed through the mass. [Smith Collection. From W. Nevile.] |
|
|
Fell 1810. |
63 |
Charsonville, near Orleans, Loiret, |
|
|
Nov. 23, li p. m. |
France. |
||
|
30.5 |
Stone. Dark gray, full of rusty iron particles. Fragment, without crust. |
||
|
i\ |
[Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fragments, without crust. [Smith |
|||
|
Collection.] |
VOL. XXIII. (N. S. XV.)
50
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. 64 |
Weight in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Fell 1811. |
Kuleschovka, Poltava, Russia. |
||
|
March 12, 11 a.m. |
5 |
Stone. Light gray fragment, di- vided by a vein of black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1811. |
65 |
Berlanguillas, Burgos, Castile, Spain. |
|
|
July 8, 8 p.m. |
2 â– 1} |
Stone. Gray, with iron grains. Ir- regular fragment, without crust. [Smith Collection. From C. U. Shepard.] * Fragments like the previous speci- men. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1812. April 10, 1£ p- M- |
66 |
Toulouse, Haute Garonne, France. |
|
|
Fell 1812. |
67 |
Erxleben, Magdeburg, Prussia. |
|
|
April 15, 4 P. m. |
1.5 |
Stone. Irregular fragment of gray stony meteorite, with polished face showing considerable amount of iron. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1812. |
68 |
Chantonnay, Vendee, France. |
|
|
August 5, 2 a. m. |
43.5 |
Stone. Irregular fragment, nearly black, with black crust. Shows flakes and veins of iron through the mass. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1813. |
69 |
Limerick, Adare, Ireland. |
|
|
Sept. 10, 6 a. m. |
50 |
Stone. Dark gray, with smooth dull brown crust. Polished surface, showing iron grains thickly distributed. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1813. Dec. 13, Day. |
70 |
Luotolaks, Wiborg, Finnland. |
|
|
Found 1814. |
71 |
Lenarto, Saros, Hungary. |
|
|
50 40.5 29 |
Iron. Square slab, etched on all sides, showing typical Widmanstattian figures. [Smith Collection. From C. U. Shepard.] Etched slab, showing crust on edges, also octahedral cleavage. [Smith Col- lection.] * Irregular mass. [Purchased from Liebener Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1814. |
72 |
Gurram Konda, Madras, India. |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
51
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1814. Sept. 15, m.
Fell 1814.
Sept. 5, K.
No.
73
74
Fell 1815.
Feb. 18, M.
Fell 1815.
Oct. 3, 8 A. M.
Found 1818.
75
Found 1818.
76
77
78
Weight
in Grams.
i.O
4.5 1.5
90
20
3.2
444
168.i
79.5
795
Description.
Alexejewka, Bachmut, Ekaterinoslav, Russia.
Stone. Very light gray. Fragment, with two polished faces showing iron grains.
Agen, Lot-et- Garonne, France.
Stone. Gray, with rusty grains of iron through the mass. [Smith Col- lection.]
* Like the previous one, but showing crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Fragment of gray stone with dull brown crust, and showing a vein of crust through the mass. Not rusty. [Smith Collection.]
Durala, Umbala, Delhi, India.
Stone. Light gray, with darker grains, and considerable iron. Shows black porous crust. [Smith Collec- tion.]
* Slab, with two polished faces, and crust on the edge. [Smith Collec- tion.]
Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France.
Stone. Small fragments in a bottle, yellowish white color, with dark brown crust. [Smith Collection. From Dau- bre'e.]
Cambria, Lockport, New York, U. S. A. Iron. Mass with one polished face, the rest crust, showing imperfect octa- hedral structure. Shows on the face large inclusions of troilite. [Smith Col- lection.]
* Full-sized slab, from the above specimen, showing troilite nodule. Also shows Widmanst'attian figures on the polished surface.
* Similar to previous slab, only with one end cut off. Face, polished and etched, shows most beautiful Widman- stiittian figures.
Barb's Mill, Green Co., Tennessee, U. S. A.
Iron. Mass, with deeply pitted crust. One end cut off and polished. On
- I
52
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
being etched the surface only darkens, |
|||
|
but shows no figures whatever. [Smith |
|||
|
Collection.} |
|||
|
115 |
* Rough mass, cut from previous specimen, covered with crust, except on two polished faces cut at right angles. |
||
|
55 |
* Thin, polished slab, cut from the same specimen as the previous one. |
||
|
25 |
* Same as the above specimen. |
||
|
Fell 1818. |
79 |
Zaborzika, Volhynia, Russia. |
|
|
April 10. |
|||
|
Fell 1818. |
80 |
Seres, Macedonian Turkey. |
|
|
June. |
19 |
Stone. Black and gray, containing grains of iron, and showing a curious porous black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1818. |
81 |
Slobodka, Smolensk, Russia. |
|
|
August 10. |
4 |
Stone. Very light colored, and scat- tered through with fine iron grains. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
.5 |
Like the previous one, only in addi- tion showing a dull dark brown crust. [Smith Collection."] |
||
|
Found before |
82 |
Burlington, Otsego Co., New York, |
|
|
1819. |
U. S. A. |
||
|
Fell 1819. |
83 |
.3) i |
Saintonge, Jonzac, France. |
|
June 13, 6 A. m. |
Stone. Three small irregular frag- |
||
|
ments. |
|||
|
Fell 1819. |
84 |
\\ |
Politz, near Gera, Reuss, Germany. |
|
Oct. 13, 8 a. M. |
Stone. Irregular fragments of a |
||
|
i\ |
dark gray color with white specks, also dull black crust. [Smith Collec- tion.] * Numerous smaller fragments like the above. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1820. |
85 |
Guilford County, North Cai'olina, U.S.A. |
|
|
Fell 1820. |
86 |
Lasdany, Lixna, Witebsk, Russia. |
|
|
July 12, 5£ P. M. |
5 |
Stone. Dark gray. One face pol- ished, showing considerable iron, and cracks in every direction filled with crust, giving it a breccia-like appear- ance. [Smith Collection.] |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
53
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1821.
June 15, 3 J p.m.
Fell 1822.
June 3, 8J p. m.
Fell 1822. August 7.
Fell 1822.
Sept. 13, 7 a. m.
Fell 1822.
Nov. 30, 6 p. m.
Fell 1822-23. Fell 1823.
Aug. 7, 4J p. m.
Fell 1823. Fell 1824.
Jan. 15, 8} p. m.
Fell 1824.
Feb. 18.
Fell 1824.
Oct. 14, 8 A. M.
No.
87
88
89
90
91
Weight in
Grams.
71 1.2
31.5
92 93
94 95
96
97
24
41
25 9.5
Description.
Juvinas, Ardeche, France.
Stone. Gray, almost no iron, but shows black vitreous crust. [Smith Collection. From J. G. Gregory.']
* Fragment, showing crust. [In ex- change from C. U. Shepard.]
Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France.
Kadonah, Agra, India.
La Baffe, Spinal, Vosges, France.
Allahabad, Futtehpur, India.
Stone. Very light colored, nearly •white, with smooth brown crust. One face polished, showing considerable iron, and numerous cracks filled with iron and the fused crust. Also shows partially formed crust on surface of fracture. [Smith Collection.]
* Showing same features as previous specimen, but with two polished faces. [Smith Collection.]
Umballa, Delhi, India.
Nobleboro, Lincoln Co., Maine, U. S. A. Stone. Light gray, with darker grains. Very little iron. [Old Collec- tion.]
Botschetschki, Kursk, Russia.
Renazzo, Ferrara, Italy.
Stone. Black mass containing white grains, looking like a porphyry. Black porous crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Similar to previous specimen, show- ing crust. [Liebener Collection. Pur- chased. ]
* Without crust. [Liebener Collection. Purchased.]
Tounkin, Irkutsk, Siberia.
Praskoles, Zebrak, Bohemia.
54
PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in |
Description. |
|
98 |
Grams. |
||
|
Fell 1825. |
Nanjemoy, Charles Co., Maryland, U. S. A |
||
|
Feb. 10, 12 a. m. |
117 |
Stone. Light gray, with darker grains and considerable iron. One end shows a smooth black crust, the other a thick porous black crust. {Gift of Dr. W. Gibbs,from cabinet of his father.'] |
|
|
4.5 |
* Fragment showing crust. [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
1.3 |
* Fragment without crust. [Smith Collection.] * Also numerous smaller fragments. |
||
|
Fell 1825. |
99 |
Honolulu, Oahu, Sandwich Islands. |
|
|
Sept. 14, 10£ A. M. |
37.5 |
Stone. Nearly covered with dark brown crust, deeply pitted. On frac- ture very light gray color, but inter- sected by a network of cracks filled with crust. Grains of iron scattered through the mass. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Found 1826. |
100 |
Nauheim, Frankfurt, Hessen. |
|
|
Found 1826. |
101 |
Galapian, Agen, Lot -et- Garonne, France. |
|
|
Fell 1826. |
102 |
Mordvinovka, Pavlograd, Ekaterino- |
|
|
May 19? |
slav, Russia. |
||
|
135 |
Stone. Slab with two polished faces and thin black crust on edges. Light gray, with darker grains surrounded by iron. Chloride of iron appearing on the surface. |
||
|
63.5 |
* Block, with two polished faces, and crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1827. |
103 |
Newstead, Roxburghshire, Scotland. |
|
|
Fell 1827. |
104 |
Mhow, Azamgarh District, India. |
|
|
Feb. 16, 3 p. m. |
|||
|
Fell 1827. |
105 |
Drake Creek, Nashville, Tennessee, |
|
|
May 9, 4 p. M. |
U. S. A. |
||
|
1,200 |
Stone. Light gray. Sprinkled through with iron grains. Crack through the mass filled with crust. Fragment largely covered with dull brown crust, deeply pitted. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
120.5 |
* Fragment, showing crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
105 |
* Fragment, showing crust. [Pur- chased from Ward and Howell.] |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
55
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
50 |
* Fragment, showing crust. [Smith |
||
|
O ~k |
Collection. ] |
||
|
\x |
* Other small fragments, without |
||
|
\\ |
crust. |
||
|
Fell 1827. |
106 |
Jasly, Bialystok, Russia. |
|
|
Oct. 5, 9J A. M. |
|||
|
Known in 1827. |
107 |
Sancha Estate, Santa Rosa, Saltil- lo, Coahuila, Mexico. |
|
|
820 |
Iron. Sawed slab. Full section. [From Smithsonian Institute, in exchange.'} Slab, broken, showing perfect cubic cleavage like galena. Distinguished from the other Coahuila irons by the cleavage. [In exchange from S. C. H. Bailey.'] |
||
|
3.5 |
Thin etched slab, showing Neumann |
||
|
3.5) 2 5f- |
lines. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Irregular fragments. [Smith Collec- |
|||
|
1.5) |
tion.] |
||
|
Fell 1828. |
108 |
Richmond, Henrico Co., Virginia, U. S. A. |
|
|
June 4, 8J a. m. |
3 |
Stone. Black and white grains. [Smith Collection. From C. U. Shepard. ] |
|
|
2 |
* Gravel. |
||
|
Found 1829. |
109 |
Bohumilitz, Prachin, Bohemia. |
|
|
49 |
Iron. Etched slab, showing broad, well-defined Widmanstattiau figures. Crust on edges. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1829. |
110 |
Forsyth, Monroe Co., Georgia, U. S. A. |
|
|
May 8, 3£ P. M. |
68.5 |
Stone. Light gray, with little iron. [Srnith Collection.] |
|
|
â– l\ |
* Small irregular fragments. [Smith |
||
|
Collection.] |
|||
|
Fell 1829. |
111 |
Deal, near Long Branch, New Jersey, |
|
|
Aug. 14, 11J p. m. |
U. S. A. |
||
|
Fell 1829. |
112 |
Krasnoj-Ugol, Rasan, Russia. |
|
|
Sept. 9, 2 p. M. |
|||
|
Fell 1830. |
113 |
Perth, Scotland. |
|
|
May 17. |
|||
|
Fell 1831. |
114 |
Vouille", Poitiers, Vienne, France. |
|
|
July 18. |
112.5 |
Stone. Gray, compact, sprinkled with iron grains. Dull black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
56
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Fell 1831. |
115 |
Znorow, Wessely, Moravia. |
|
|
Sept. 9, 3£ P. M. |
|||
|
Found 1832. |
116 |
Walker County, Alabama, U. S. A. |
|
|
1,891 |
Iron. Large etched slab. On un- der side and ends shows crust, and well-marked octahedral cleavage. The figures come between the Coahuila and the Butler (Bates Co.) irons. They most nearly resemble the Coahuila markings, but are coarser, and show more clearly the " Trias " of Tscher- niak. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
258 |
Exterior showing well-marked octa- hedral cleavage and what appear to be plates of Schreiberseit. One face pol- ished and etched, looks very silvery, and shows well-defined markings on some portions of the surface. [Smith Collection. .] |
||
|
159.5 |
* Like the previous specimen. [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
34 |
* Thin, etched slab, showing no figures, but only a mottled surface. [Smith Collection. From C. U. Shepard.] |
||
|
Fell 1833. |
117 |
Blansko, Brunn, Moravia. |
|
|
Nov. 25, 6^ p. M. |
|||
|
Found 1834. |
118 |
Lime Creek, Claiborne (Monroe or Clarke Co.), Alabama, U. S. A. |
|
|
Found 1834. |
119 |
Scriba, Oswego Co., New York, U. S A. |
|
|
486 |
Iron. Slab, showing on one side a curious fine-pitted surface. Etched face shows mottled surface in streaks, with two very thin Widmanstattian plates appearing in cross section at one place. Otherwise, no figures. [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
Fell 1834. |
120 |
Okniny, Volhynia, Russia. |
|
|
Jan. 8, 9£ a.m. |
|||
|
Fell 1834. |
121 |
Charwallas, near Hissar, Delhi, India. |
|
|
June 12, 8 a. m. |
1 |
Stone. Brown and white, with rusty iron grains. Polished face. [Smith Collection. From Professor Jameson of Edinburgh. |
|
|
.5 |
* Like previous specimen. |
||
|
Found 1835. |
122 |
Black Mountain, Buncombe Co., North |
|
|
Carolina, U. S. A. |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
57
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1835.
Jan. 31.
Fell 1835.
Aug. 1.
Fell 1835.
Aug. 4, 4£ P. M.
Fell 1835.
Nov. 13, 9 p. St.
Known 1836.
Found 1836. Fell 1836.
Nov. 11, 5 A. M.
Fell 1837.
July 24, 111 A. m.
Fell 1837.
August.
No.
123
124
Weight
in Grams.
1,975
171 213.5
125
126
127
128 129
130
131
1,797
17.5
Description,
Mascombes, Correze, France.
Charlotte, Dickson Co., Tennessee, U. S. A.
Iron. Large rounded mass, with smooth, unaltered exterior. Two pol- ished faces. Shows beautiful Wid- manstattian figures, fine, about like Obernkirchen. [Smith Collection.]
* Thin, polished slab, full section except foroue end. [Smith Collection.']
* Block, consisting of three etched surfaces at right angles, and the rest crust. [Smith Collection.]
Aldsuorth, Cirencester, England. Stone. Polished rectangular slab, showing breccia-like structure of light- colored fragments in dark matrix, and occasionally large grains of iron. [Smith Collection.]
Belmont, Simonod, Ain, France. Probably not of meteoric origin.
Wichita Co., Brazos River, Texas, U. S. A.
Iron. Full-sized slab, etched, show- ing most beautiful Widmaustiittian figures and the three kinds of iron clearly defined, with the separate plates marked by fine Neumann lines. It also contains numerous large inclusions of troilite. [Purchased from Ward and Howell.]
Great Fish River, South Africa.
Macao, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Stone. Gray, with rusty iron grains, and dull black crust on one end. Pol- ished surface shows a seam of silvery iron, with a most beautiful fine crys- talline structure. [Smith Collection.]
Gross-Divina, Trentschin, Com. Hun- gary.
Esnandes, Charente Inferieure, France.
58
PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
132 |
Butcher Irons, Coahuila, Mexico. |
||
|
317,500 |
Complete individual, showingsmooth crust, but in some places deeply pitted. [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
158,800 |
* Like previous specimen. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
249,500 |
* Like previous specimen. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
23,000 |
Full-size slab, showing numerous in- clusions of troilite. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
22,310 |
* Complete individual, except for one polished face. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
12,700 |
* Mass, with two faces cut at right angles. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
21,886 |
Mass, with one polished face showing crack across the middle (GOO cm. long) filled in with crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
17,000 |
* Slab. [S?nith Collection.] |
||
|
4,536 |
* Complete individual, except that one end has been cut off and polished. [Purchased.] |
||
|
3,640 |
* Three polished faces at right an- gles, the rest crust. [Purchased from Ward and Howell.] |
||
|
1,653 |
* Four cut faces at right angles, the rest crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
1,072 |
* Rounded mass, with two polished faces. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
107.5] |
|||
|
114.5 |
|||
|
80.5 |
|||
|
88 85.5 y 20 |
* Slabs showing Daubreelite. [S?nith |
||
|
Collection.] |
|||
|
16.5 |
|||
|
14.5 14.5 119 |
|||
|
* Shows crust. [Smith Collection.] |
|||
|
102 "J |
|||
|
86 |
|||
|
75.5 |
|||
|
72 |
|||
|
66.5 |
|||
|
66 |
* Slabs. Several of them etched, and |
||
|
65 â–º |
some containing troilite. Also other |
||
|
65 |
small pieces. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
635 |
|||
|
63 |
|||
|
66 |
|||
|
40.5 |
|||
|
38.5 |
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES.
59
Date of Fall or Find.
No.
Weight
in Grams.
1,217
15
Description.
Etched slab. The Neumann lines appear at first sight like the markings on a chopping-block, without any defi- nite direction, as shown in Fig. 3, which is printed directly from the specimen. A striking feature of the etched surface is the appearance at first of two sets of fine parallel lines, which become obliterated by the continued action of the acid. These lines can be made out near the lower right-hand cor- ner of the figure. The more marked and coarser crystallization, appearing at the left, is unusual in the Coahuila specimens.
A cleavage mass, broken out from a perfectly compact specimen of the above iron by quick blows of the hammer. This mass, shown of twice its natural size in Fig. 4, has the form of the cube twin described by Tschermak, as typi- cal of the Hauptmannsdorf iron, with this difference, that the cube in this case is modified by the octahedron. On etching the faces, beautiful stria- tions appeared, all parallel to edges either of the cube or octahedron. Most of these lines were so fine as to be mi- croscopic, though a few were coarse enough to exhibit even under a pocket lens all the characters of Widmanstat- tian lines. On the octahedral face there were no regular striations.f
Another cleavage mass found in con- tact with the previous one, but having the form of an acute rhombic prism with an angle of about 120°. This prism, one etched face of which is shown of twice the natural size in Fig. 5, could only be separated by the hammer over the area abed, and the rest of the face had to be continued by cutting through a very compact part of the specimen, ab, be, and cd are the natural crystal edges. The upper figure was copied directly from the specimen, without any knowl-
t Oliver W. Huntington "On the Crystalline Structure of Iron Meteorites," Proceedings of the Am. Acad., Vol. XXI. p. 478. American Journal, 3d Series, Vol. XXXII. p. 284.
60
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell before 1838.
Fell before 1838.
Fell 1838.
Jan. 29.
Fell 1838.
April 18.
Fell 1838. June 6, Noon.
Fell 1838 July 22, Day.
Fell 1838.
Oct. 13, 9 A. M.
Known 1839.
No.
133 134 135
136
137
138
139
140
Weight
in Grams.
15.5
5.5
3.5
3 1.5
1
Description.
edge of the arrangement of the Neu- mann lines, but it was afterwards seen that they could all be referred to a cube with twin members on all the trigonal axes. The middle diagram shows such a cube face with the twinning lines, and the lower figure of the crystal was drawn from the diagram by means of a parallel ruler, f
Simbirsk, Partsch, Russia.
Slobodka, Partsch, Russia.
Kaee, Sandee District, Oude, India.
Akburpur, Saharanpur, India.
Stone. Polished slab, showing brec- cia-like structure of light-colored frag- ments in black groundmass. Full of iron grains, and showing curious cellu- lar black crust. [Smith Collection.]
Chandakapur, Beraar, India.
Stone. Light gray, filled with rusty iron grains. Polished slab, with dull black crust on edges. [In exchange from S. C. H. Bailey.']
Montlivault, Loire-et-Cher, France.
Cold Bokkeveld, Cape of Good Hope, Africa.
Stone. Dead black, with white specks but apparently no iron. Shows crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Like the previous specimen. [Smith Collectio?i.]
* Also some fine powder.
Baird's Farm, Asheville, North Caro- lina, U. S. A.
t Oliver W. Huntington "On the Crystalline Structure of Iron Meteorites," loc. cit.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
61
Date of Fall or Find.
No.
Found 1839.
141
Fell 1839.
Feb. 13, 3i p. m.
Described 1840.
142
143
Weight
in Grams.
2,112
173
3.5
15
Description.
12,750
Putnam County, Georgia, U. S. A.
Iron. Dropping to pieces from oxi- dation, but breaking up into perfectly regular octahedral fragments. [Smith Collection.']
* Mass showing crust, and perfect octahedral cleavage. [Smith Collection.']
A very perfect cleavage octahedron, one face of which is shown of double its natural size in Fig. 6. This octa- hedron was so loose in its structure that it was necessary to mount it in pitch before grinding the face, in order to prevent the plates from splitting off.
It will be noticed that at a, b, and c the spaces between the Widmanstattian plates are filled with a perfectly granu- lar iron, and also that the entire mass is broken up, without reference to the crystalline plates, into irregular poly- gonal masses, suggesting its having been suddenly cooled from a condition of intense heat.f
* An acute rhombic prism with the faces etched, showing beautiful Wid- manstattian plates arranged parallel to the regular octahedron.
* Octahedral fragments.
Pine Bluff, Little Piney, Missouri, U. S. A.
Stone. Thin slab, light gray with darker grains and considerable iron. \_S7nith Collection.]
Cosby's Creek, Cocke Co , Tennessee, U. S. A.
Mass with one polished face, show- ing great variation in structure. Por- tions of the surface show regular and well-marked Widmanstattian figures, while other parts show only irregular polygonal masses with no appearance of crystalline structure. Moreover, bright nickeliferous iron appears abun- dantly in some places, while other por- tions of the surface are entirely free
t Oliver W. Huntington "On the Crystalline Structure of Iron Meteorites," loc. cit.
G2
PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
No.
Found 1840.
140
144
Weight
in Grams.
451
7,710
70
711
9,980
932
Description.
from it. The exterior shows a very striking octahedral structure, and the plates are separated by a thick foil of Schreiberseit, which can be easily de- tached from the iron. [Smith Collection.] One polished face, showing charac- teristic Widmanstattian figures, with sections of bright nickel iron. The exterior shows very striking octahedral structure, and several of the octahedral faces have been polished and etched, showing no figures. Contains a very large nodule of troilite. [Smith Collec- tion.]
Sevier County, found in 1845, but evi- dently identical with Cocke County.
Mass with two cut faces, one face containing a large nodule of graphite. The exterior shows beautiful octahe- dral structure. [Smith Collection.]
Nodule of graphite, formerly weighed 80 grams, but has been cut. Also nu- merous other nodules of graphite, and troilite. [Smith Collection.]
Complete individual, containing a large nodule of graphite, and showing all the characteristic structure of the Cocke County iron. This specimen was presented to the Cabinet by Prof. N. S. Shaler, and is reported to have come from Lebanon Co., Tennessee, but is evidently the same as the Sevier and Cocke County irons.
Coney Fork, Carthage, Smith Co., Tennessee, U. S. A.
Iron. Large mass of cleavage octa- hedrons, with sharply denned faces and edges, packed together like an aggre- gate of large crystals of alum. [Smith Collection.]
This specimen shows six faces of a rough octahedron, one of the faces hav- ing an area of seven square inches. One half of this octahedron has been partially torn apart into numerous smaller crystals, some of them an inch or more in diameter; but though the crevasses between the individuals are in some places nearly a quarter of an
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
68
Date of Fall or Find.
Weight No. in Grams.
5,705
186.5
Description.
inch in breadth, yet they are bound firmly together by a network of plates, which in some parts raggedly jut out from the octahedral faces. The general appearance of the exterior of the speci- men reminds one somewhat of a rough mass of galena crystals, only of octahe- dral form. The rough crystal is evi- dently the result of fracture, probably caused during the passage of the mass through the air, and the octahedral faces are cleavage planes, if the term cleavage may be applied to such frac- tures, which cannot be reproduced by splitting in the ordinary way on ac- count of the malleability of the mass. The specimen further exhibits a fused crust over the octahedral faces, which must have formed after the partial breaking up of the large mass, giving a rounded appearance to the edges. On a polished surface, cut nearly paral- lel to the largest octahedral face, the figures produced by etching appear very strikingly. They are perfectly distinct and regular, being typical Widmanstat- tian figures ; but when they come to the cracked portion of the iron, they appear as separate plates, some having been broken by the rupture, others separated, while the greater number appear bent and strained, but still co- herent and binding the mass firmly to- gether. The whole appearance on the etched surface gives at once the idea of a forcible explosion, and yet all the cracks, even the most ragged, follow directions parallel to the octahedral faces. f [Smith Collection.]
Specimen with three faces at right angles to each other polished and etched. The exterior is ragged, with octahedral plates jutting out. [Smith Collection.]
This specimen consists of a mass of octahedral plates loosely packed to- gether so as to form hopper crystals. In
t Oliver W. Huntington "On the Crystalline Structure of Iron Meteorites," loc. cit.
64
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
Found 1340.
Found 1840.
No.
145
14G
Weight
in Grams.
159
118
86 62
50 48.5 9.5
2,237
782
281.5 15
Description.
the Smith Collection it bears the label " Smithland, Lincoln Co., Tenn.," but appears identical with the Coney Fork specimens.
* Polished slab, containing a large nodule of troilite. Crust on edges. [Smith Collection.']
* Slab, with both sides highly pol- ished. [Smith Collection.']
* Polished slab. [Smith Collection.]
* Etched slab. [Smith Collection.]
* Polished slab.
* Very thin slab.
Crust on
edge.
[Smith Collection.] [Smith Collection.] Piece consisting of a single set of parallel plates.
Petropavlovsk, Mrass, Tomsk, Siberia.
Careyfort, De Kalb Co., Tennessee, U. S. A.
Iron. Two surfaces, cut at right angles and etched, show typical Wid- manstattian figures. One face con- tains a large nodule of troilite, the rest crust. [S?nith Collection.]
This specimen shows hollow octahe- dral faces, two inches in diameter, like hopper crystals, consisting of skeletons built up of a series of plates about half an inch wide and one sixteenth of an inch thick. These plates, when cut transversely, constitute the Widman- stattian figures. When the section is cut at random, the figures may differ somewhat in character, and the plates appear to make various angles with each other; but when the etched sur- face is parallel to an octahedral face, the 'Widmanstiittian figures all make equilateral triangles, their sides being parallel to the octahedral edges. Fig. 7 shows of original size an etched sur- face of this specimen cut parallel to an octahedral face. [Smith Collection.]
Shows crust and three etched faces. [Smith Collection.]
* Shows crust and two cut faces. [Smith Collection.]
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
65
Date of Fall or Find.
Found 1840.
No.
Weight
in Grams.
147
Found 1840.
Found 1840.
Fell 1840.
May 9, Noon.
Fell 1840.
June 12, 10£ a. m.
Fell 1840.
July 17, 7J a.m.
208 185
148
149
150
151
152
185 141
93.5
38
64
1,328
456 93
137 52
7l 21
Description.
Magura, Szlanicza, Arva, Hungary.
Iron. One polished face. Rest of surface covered with crust. [Smith Col- lection.^
Three faces at right angles to each other, etched, showing that the charac- ter of the Widmanstattiau figures va- ries greatly with the direction in which the face is cut. In some cases the fig- ures are very regular, and are largely made up of a bright nickeliferous iron, though in some cases the bright iron is wholly absent and the figures are re- placed by irregular cracks. [Smith Collection. ]
Three etched faces. Elsewhere sur- face covered with crust. [Smith Col- lection.']
* Slab, with both faces etched, show- ing most perfect figures. Crust on edge. [Smith Collection.']
* One etched face. Rest of surface covered with crust. [Smith Collection.]
Thin slab, with crust on edge. Shows no well-defined figures. [Purchased from Ward and Howell.]
Appears to be a lump of altered crust. [Smith Collection.]^
Smithland, Livingston Co., Kentucky, U.S.A.
Iron. One etched face. No figures. The other portions of the specimen are covered with a very deeply pitted crust. [S?nith Collection.]
Three polished faces at right angles to each other, and the rest showing crust, deeply pitted. [Smith Collection.]
Has been forged. [Smith Collection.]
Tarapaca, Hemalga, Chili.
Evidently cast-iron. [Smith Collec- tion. From C. U. Shepard.]
Karakol, Ajagus, Russia.
Staartje, Uden, Holland.
Cereseto, Casale, Monferrate, Pied- mont.
VOL XXIII. (N. S. XV.)
66
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in |
Description. |
|
153 |
Grams. |
||
|
Fell 1841. |
Gruneberg, Heinrichsau, Prussian |
||
|
March 22, 3£ p. m. |
Silesia. |
||
|
Fell 1841. |
154 |
Chateau-Renard, Loiret, France. |
|
|
June 12, li p. m. |
50.5 |
Stone. Irregular fragment of dark gray stone, sprinkled through with specks of iron, and intersected by nu- merous cracks filled with fused crust. [Purchased from Ward and Howell.'] |
|
|
27 |
Fragment showing dull black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
i\ |
* Fragments. [Purchased from the |
||
|
Liebener Collection.] |
|||
|
8 |
* Minute fragments. [Smith Collec- tion.^ |
||
|
Fell 1842. |
155 |
Pusinsko Selo, Milena, Croatia. |
|
|
April 26, 3 p. m. |
77.5 |
Stone. Light gray, with dull black crust. Polished face shows large grains of iron. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
6 |
* Fragment with one cut face. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1842. |
156 |
Aumieres, Lozere, France. |
|
|
June 4. |
2 |
* Stone. Arery light gray with sil- very specks of iron, and intersected by a dark vein. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
2 |
Same, but showing a thin round plate of iron 6 mm. in diameter. [Smith Collection.] * Several smaller fragments, and some sand. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1842. |
157 |
Barea, Logrono, Spain. |
|
|
July 4. |
|||
|
Known 1843. |
158 |
St. Augustine's P»ay, Madagascar. |
|
|
Fell 1843. |
159 |
Bisnopvn.LE, South Carolina, U. S. A. |
|
|
March 25. |
4S |
Stone. White and gray, with smooth, vitreous gray and white crust. Looks like a partially decomposed silicate. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
4.5) 1 > |
* Fragments. [In exchange from C. |
||
|
U. Shepard.] |
|||
|
Fell 1843. |
160 |
Utrecht, Holland. |
|
|
June 2, 8 p. m. |
9 |
Stone. Light gray with darker grains, and dull black crust. Polished face, showing iron grains. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1843. |
161 |
Manegaum, near Eidulabad, India. |
|
|
June 29, 3£ P. M. |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1843.
Sept. 16, 43 p. m.
Fell 1843.
Nov. 12.
Fell 1844.
Jan., 11 a. M.
Fell 1844.
April 29, 3£ p. m.
Fell 1844.
Oct. 21, 6| a. M.
Fell 1845.
Jan. 25, 3 p. m.
Fell 1845 ? Fell 1845.
July 14, 3 P. M.
Fell 1846.
August 14, 3 p. M.
Described 1846.
Found 1846.
Found 1846.
Fell 1S46.
May 8, 9J a. m.
Fell 1846.
Dec. 25, 21 p. m.
Found 1847.
No.
162 163 164 165 166 167
168 169
170
171 172 173 174
175
176
Weight
in Grams.
3.5
1,476
530
115.5 79
Description.
Klein Wenden, Erfurt, Prussia.
Verkhne Tschirskaja, Don, Russia.
Cerro Cosima, Dolores Hidalgo, Mexico.
Killeter, County Tyrone, Ireland.
Favars, Aveyron, France.
Le Pressoir, Louans, Indre-et-Loire, France. Stone. Light gray, with iron grains.
Baratta, Deniliquin, New South Wales.
La Vivionnere, Le Teilleul, Manche, France.
Cape Girardeau, Missouri, U. S. A.
Jackson Co., Tennessee, U. S. A. Netschaevo, Tula, Russia. Assam, India. Monte Milone, Macerata, Italy.
Schonenberg, Swabia, Bavaria.
MURFREESBORO, RUTHERFORD Co.,
Tennessee, U. S. A.
Iron. Rectangular block, with crust on the ends. Shows very marked, typical Widmanstattian figures. [Smith Collection.']
Mass, formed by five natural octahe- dral faces and two cut surfaces. [Smith Collection.]
* Three polished faces, at right an- gles, the rest crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Etched slab, with crust on one end. Shows beautiful Widmanstattian fig- ures. [Smith Collection.]
* Etched slabs similar to the previous specimen. [Smith Collection.]
68
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
No.
Found 1847. Found 1847.
Fell 1847.
Feb. 25, 2J a. m.
Fell 1847.
July 14, 3] a. m.
Weight
in Grams.
177
178
179
180
706
248
203.5
167.5 3.5
30
32 30
13.5
Description.
Chester ville, Chester Co., South Caro- lina, U. S. A.
Seelasgen, Brandenburg, Prussia.
Iron. Shows curious irregular gran- ular structure on natural fracture. A face polished and etched shows the same granular structure, only with here and there a Widmanst'attian plate. [S7)iith Collection. FrorriC.U. Shepard.]
* Etched slab. Crust on ends. [Smith Collection. From C. U. Shepard.]
Hartford, Linn Co., Iowa, U. S. A. Stone. Light gray, full of iron grains, and intersected with cracks filled with crust. Dull black finely pitted crust on three sides, all in differ- ent degrees of fusion. One polished face. [Smith Collection.']
* Irregular fragment, showing crust. [In exchange from C. U. Shepard.']
* And other small fragments.
Braunau, Hauptmannsdorf, Bohemia.
Iron. Beautiful etched slab, show- ing Neumann lines, some of which are sufficiently coarse to show under a lens all the features of Widmanst'at- tian figures. Shows crust, and also cubic cleavage. [S7nith Collection. From W Shier.]
Block showing cleavage. [Smith Col- lection.]
Block showing cleavage and crust. An etched face of one of the cleavage crystals is shown enlarged in Fig. 8. At a appears the face of a twin cube and the diagonals parallel to the intersec- tion edge followed the same twin on an adjacent face, showing that they were twinning lines, and not lines of octahe- dral or dodecahedral faces. The lines appearing parallel to the cube edges proved to belong to the simple cube.t [Smith Collection.]
Shows cleavage and crust. [Smith Collection.]
loc
t Oliver W. cit.
Huntington "On the Crystalline Structure of Iron Meteorites,"
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
69
Date of Fall or Find.
No.
Weight
in Grams.
Description.
Fell 1848.
May 20, 4} a. m.
Fell 1848.
July 4.
Fell 1848.
Dec. 27, Evening.
Found 1849.
Fell 1849. Oct. 31, 3 p. m.
Described 1850.
181
182
183
184 185
.5
186
Described 1850.
Described 1850.
Found 1850.
168
8.5
448
187
188
189
127.5
34
304
31.5
Castine, Hancock Co., Maine, U. S. A. Stone. Light gray, with iron grains. [Smith Collection.]
Marmande, Aveyron, France. Ski, Akershuus, Norway.
Morgan Co., Alabama, U. S. A.
Monroe, Cabarras Co., North Caro- lina, U. S. A.
Stone. Dark gray with light grains, and thickly sprinkled with iron. Frag- ment, showing dull black crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Highly polished slab. [In exchange from C. U. Shepard.]
Ruff's Mountain, Lexington Co., South Carolina, U. S. A.
Iron. Slab, etched, showing well- marked Widmanstattian figures, only there is a curious indefiniteness about them, which is very characteristic. Shows crust. [Smith Collection. From C. U. Shepard.]
* Similar to previous specimen. [In exchange from C. U. Shepard.]
Pittsburg, Alleghany Co., Pennsylvania, U. S. A.
Iron. A ragged end, showing on the exterior a well-marked octahedral struc- ture, but on an etched surface there is only a mottled appearance, except in one corner, where broad, typical, Wid- manstattian figures appear. [Smith Collection.]
Salt River, Kentucky, U. S. A.
Iron. Crust, and three etched sur- faces, which in some places only pre- sent a mottled appearance, while in other parts there are very fine, and somewhat indistinct, Widmanstattian figures. [Smith Collection.]
Schwetz, Prussia.
Iron. Thin slab with crust on edges. One face etched, showing well-marked
70
PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
Found 1850.
Found 1850.
Fell 1850.
Nov. 30, 4£ p. M.
Recognized 1851. February.
Fell 1851.
April 17, 8 p. M.
Fell 1851.
Summer.
Fell 1851.
Not. 5, 5£ p. M.
Found 1852.
No.
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
Weight
in Grams.
10
10
211.5 25
17
16
Description.
Widraanstattian figures. [Smith Col- lection. From C. U. Shepard.~\
Seneca Falls, Seneca River, New York, U. S. A.
Iron. Etched slab, showing very well marked Widmanst'attian figures, also octahedral cleavage. Crust on [Smith Collection.]
edge of slab.
Mainz, Hesse, Germany.
Stone. Irregular brown fragment, apparently a piece of the crust. [Smith Collection.]
Shalka, Bancoorah, Bengal, India. Stone. Light gray and black frag- ment with iron grains, and veins filled with black crust. [Smith Collection.]
Ainsa (The Signet-Iron), Sonora, Tucson, Arizona, U. S. A.
Iron. Slab, with crust on edges. [In exchange from U. S. National Mu- seum.]
* Thin, etched slab, showing no figures but a granular arrangement brought out by the acid. [Smith Col- lection.]
* Irregular piece, showing crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Also a quantity of turnings. [Pre- sented by Prof. B. Silliman.]
Guttersloh, Minden,Westphalia, Prus- sia.
Quincay, Vienne, France.
Nulles, Catalonia, Spain.
Cranberry Plains, Poplar Hill, Vir- ginia, U. S. A.
Iron. A very perfect octahedron, two etched faces of which are shown in Fig. 9 of original size. It will be seen by this sketch that the octahedral outline has been sharply formed ; but while many of the VVidmanstattian plates are parallel to this outline, there
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
71
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1852.
Jan. 23, 4£ P. M.
No.
Weight
in Grams.
7.5
7
198
Fell 1852.
Sept. 4, 4J p.m.
Fell 1852. Oct. 13, 3 p. m.
Fell 1852. Dec. 2.
199
200
201
64
35.5
51
22.5
12 3.5
9
Description.
are others which are markedly curved. These curved plates must have origi- nally formed through the liquid mass as true planes, like their neighhors, and have been bent in the subsequent solidifying of the remaining material. For, if they had been distorted by an exterior force, the regularity of the oc- tahedron would have been at the same time destroyed. f
* Thin slab, with crust on edges. [Smith Collection.]
* Same as the previous specimen. [Smith Collection.]
* Same as the previous specimen. [Smith Collection.']
Yatoor, Nellore, Madras, India.
Stone. Gray, with three polished faces showing considerable iron. Dull, black crust, and also crust partially formed. [Smith Collection.]
* Four polished faces and crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Two small fragments, weighing half a gram each. [Smith Collection.]
Fekete, Mezo-Madar as, Transylvania.
Stone. Dark rock, with light-col- ored grains surrounded by iron. One face polished. Dull, black crust on two sides. [Smith Collection. From C. U. Shepard.]
Polished slab. [By exchange with C. U. Shepard.]
Borkut, Marmaros, Hungary.
Bustee, near Goruckpur, India.
Stone. White, with black and white crust. Perfect cleavage with pearly lustre, looking like partially decom- posed felspar. [Smith Collection.]
Polished block, showing round, pink grains. [Smith Collection.] * Like previous specimen.
t Oliver W. Huntington loc. cit.
1 On the Crystalline Structure of Iron Meteorites,'
72
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
Known 1853.
Found 1853.
Found 1853.
No.
202
203
204
Weight
in Grams.
155
381.5
105.5
47
31
.}
5
4
4
2.5
2
1.5
1
24
4
7
Description.
* Also two small fragments showing the pink grains. [Smith Collection.]
Lion River, Great Namaqualand, South Africa.
Knoxville, Tazewell Co., Tennessee, U. S. A.
Iron. Showing most beautiful and very minute octahedral structure. Fig. 10 shows very roughly an exact sketch, the original size, of an etched face of this specimen. There is almost no limit to the fineness of some of the Widmanstattian figures. f [Smith Col- lection.]
* One cut face. Rest of surface cov- ered with crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Similar to previous specimen. [Smith Collection.]
* Etched face, crust, and fresh frac- ture, showing beautiful octahedral cleavage. [S?nilh Collection.]
* Similar to previous specimen. [S?nith Collection.]
* Etched slabs. [Smith Collection.]
Fragment, in layers of plates. [Smith Collection.]
* Similar to previous specimen. [Smith Collection.]
* And other small fragments.
Union County, Georgia, U. S. A.
Iron. Appears to be mostly crust. Shows octahedral cleavage. [Smith Collection.]
Small plate. [Smith Collection.] * In small fragments. [Smith Col- lection.]
t Oliver W. Huntington he. cit.
'On the Crystalline Structure of Iron Meteorites,"
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
Date of Fall or Find.
Found 1853.
Fell 1853.
Feb. 10, 1 p. M.
Fell 1853.
March 6.
No.
205
?06
207
Fell 1853.
March 6.
Known 1854.
Known 1854.
Found 1854.
208
209
210
211
Weight
in Grams.
27.5
20.5
118.5
6.5
.5 .5
106
15.5
19
11.5
1.5 3
10
Description.
Stinking Creek, Campbell Co., Ten- nessee, U. S. A.
Iron. Appears to be a complete in- dividual except where a corner has been broken off, showing an irregular frac- ture. Has holes running through the mass. An etched surface shows a net- work of fine, irregular, silvery lines, but no figures. [Smith Collection.'}
Girgenti, Sicily.
Stone. Gray, fine-grained with iron specks. Dull black crust, and inter- sected by heavy veins filled with fused crust. \_S7nitl1 Collection.}
Segowlee, Bengal, India.
Stone. Brown and rusty looking, with smooth brown crust. One large polished face shows considerable iron, and also troilite. [Smith Collection.}
* Irregular fragment, showing crust. [S7nith Collection.}
Duruma, Wanikaland, East Africa.
Stone. Gray, rusty-looking frag- ment, with smooth dark brown crust.
* Same, but without crust.
Jewell Hill, Madison Co., North Caro- lina, U. S. A.
Iron. Etched face, showing most beautiful, fine Widmanstattian figures, also crust. [Smith Collection.}
* Slab, with crust on edge. [Smith Collection. ]
Mass showing octahedral fracture. [Smith Collection.}
* Slab, with crust on edge. [Smith Collection.}
Ocktibbeha County, Mississippi, U.S. A.
Iron. Square block, etched but show- ing no figures. [S?nilh Collection.}
Irregular fragment. [Smith Collec- tion.}
Emmetsburg, Maryland, U. S. A.
Iron. Thin slab, etched, showing well-marked Widmanstattian figures. [In exchange from S. C. H. Bailey.}
74
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Found 1854. |
212 |
Madoc, Upper Canada. |
|
|
66 |
Iron. Thin slab, etched, showing well-marked Widmanstattian figures with many of the plates bent. Crust on edges. [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
20 |
* Similar to previous specimen. [Purchased from the Liehener Collection.] * Also a few turnings. |
||
|
Found 1854. |
213 |
Verkhne-Udinsk (Niro River), Vitim, Siberia. |
|
|
Found 1854. |
214 |
Cranbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. |
|
|
283 |
Iron. Apparently crust, looking like hematite, with chloride of iron exclu- sions. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
186 |
* Like previous specimen. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
34.5 |
Crust, but with plates of Schreiber- seit. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
27.5 |
Mass of iron with ragged exterior and one polished face, showing very broad perfect Widmanstattian figures. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1854. |
215 |
Tabarz, near Gotha, Saxony. |
|
|
Found 1854. |
216 |
Sarepta, Saratov, Russia. |
|
|
446.5 |
Iron. One face polished and etched, the rest of the surface showing a deeply pitted crust. The Widmanstattian fig- ures are very striking, exhibiting very broad plates, most beautifully marked with Neumann lines, and interspersed with plates of brilliant nickeliferous iron, unequally distributed over the sur- face. Something like the Wichita iron. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Described in 1854. |
217 |
Haywood County, North Carolina, U. S. A. |
|
|
Fell 1854. |
218 |
Linum, Ferbellin, Prussia. |
|
|
Sept. 5. |
|||
|
Fell 1855. |
219 |
Oesel, Kaande, Livland, Baltic Sea. |
|
|
May 11, 32L P. M. |
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES.
75
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1S55.
May 13, 6 p. M.
Fell 1855.
Fell 1855.
Aug. 5, 3£ p. m.
No.
220
Known 1856.
Known 1S56.
Found 1856.
Found 1856.
221
000
223
224
225
226
Weight
in Grams.
1 1
.5
.5
11
50
32
35.5
28
2,800
Description.
Gnarrenburg,Bremervorde, Hanover.
Stone. Dark gray, with white grains and dull black crust. Little iron. [Smith Collection.]
Fragraent,without. crust. [Smith Col- lection.]
* Fragment, with crust. [Smith Col- lection.]
* Same, without crust. [Smith Col- lection.]
Other small bits.
Saint Denis -Westrem, near Ghent, Belgium.
Petersburg, Lincoln Co., Tennessee, U. S. A.
Stone. Gray, with dark gray, white, and light green grains. Very little iron. Shows shiny black crust, with raised veins, like the markings left on an oily surface by the palm of the hand. [Smith Collection.]
* Small fragments, many of them showing crust. [Exchanged with C. U. Shepard.]
Denton County, Texas, U. S. A.
Iron. Rough exterior showing octa- hedral cleavage. Three polished faces, one of them etched, showing good Wid- manstattian figures. [Smith Collection.]
* Irregular fragment. [Smith Collec- tion.]
Orange River, Garib, South Africa. Iron. One etched face, showing typical Widmanstattian figures. The rest of surface covered with crust. Oc- tahedral cleavage. [Smith Collection.]
Fort St. Pierre, Nebraska, IT. S. A. Iron. Etched slab, showing good Widmanstattian figures. Also crust. [Smith Collection.]
One polished face. The rest of sur- face covered with crust. [Smith Collec- tion.]
Nelson County, Kentucky, U. S. A. Iron. Very thick slab, full section, with two polished faces. Etched. The
'6
PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
exterior appears very smooth except |
|||
|
at one end, where it is very ragged, as |
|||
|
if torn apart by an explosion when in |
|||
|
a slightly plastic condition. On the |
|||
|
etched face Widmanstattian figures |
|||
|
appear in unusually broad plates and |
|||
|
perfectly distinct, but they entirely |
|||
|
fade out towards the edges, and wholly |
|||
|
disappear near the ragged end of the |
|||
|
specimen. [Smith Collection.] |
|||
|
Found 1856. |
227 |
Hainholz, Minden, Westphalia. |
|
|
209 |
Stone. Dark brown. Polished face shows iron and olivine about equally distributed. Drops of chloride of iron on exterior. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
95.5 |
* Same as previous specimen. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
30 |
* Same as previous specimen. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
15.5 |
* Two polished faces showing larger nodules of olivine than previous speci- mens. [In exchange from C. U. Shep- ard.] |
||
|
Found 1856. |
228 |
Forsyth, Taney Co., Missouri, U.S. A. |
|
|
Fell 1856. |
229 |
Avilez, Durango, Mexico. |
|
|
Summer. |
|||
|
Fell 1856. |
230 |
Oviedo, Asturia, Spain. |
|
|
August 5. |
|||
|
Fell 1856. |
231 |
Trenzano, Brescia, Italy. |
|
|
Nov. 12, 4 p. M. |
|||
|
Found 1857. |
232 |
Laurens County, South Carolina, U. S. A. |
|
|
Fell 1857. |
233 |
Parnallee, Madras, India. |
|
|
Feb. 28, Noon. |
277 |
Stone. Dark gray, with large white, dark gray, and brown grains. Dull black crust, and polished face, showing specks of iron distributed through the mass. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
90 |
* Irregular fragment. [Smith Collec- tion.] |
||
|
44 |
* Fragment, with crust. [Gift of B. Silliman, Jr.] |
||
|
7 |
* Fragment, with crust. [Smith Col- |
||
|
<S |
lection.] |
||
|
* And other small fragments show- |
|||
|
ing crust. [Sijiith Collection.] |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
77
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Fell 1857. |
234 |
Stavropol, Caucasus, Russia. |
|
|
Mar. 24, 5 p. M. |
|||
|
Fell 1857. |
235 |
Heredia, San Jose", Costa Rica, Cen- |
|
|
April 1, Night. |
tral America. |
||
|
Fell 1S57. |
236 |
Kaba, Debreczin, Hungary. |
|
|
April 15, 10i p. M. |
1 |
Stone. No iron. Black, with white specks. [Smith Collection.'] |
|
|
Fell 1857. |
237 |
Les Ormes, Yonne, France. |
|
|
Oct. 1. |
|||
|
Fell 1S57. |
238 |
Veresegyhaza, On aba, Blasendorfer, |
|
|
Oct. 10, 12 p. m. |
Hungary. |
||
|
30.5 |
Stone. Polished slab. Dark gray, with large amount of iron, and dull black crust on edges. [Smith Collec- tion.] |
||
|
Fell 1857. |
239 |
Pegu (Quenggouk), British Burmah. |
|
|
Dec. 27, 2£ A. M. |
1 |
Stone. Very light gray fragment, with specks of iron. [Smith Collection.] * Also some small bits in a bottle. [Purchased from Liebener Collection.] |
|
|
Known 1858. |
240 |
Wayne County, near Wooster, Ohio, U. S. A. |
|
|
3 |
Iron. Thin slab, etched, showing typical Widmanstattian figures. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
3.5 |
* Irregular fragment. [Smith Collec- tion.] |
||
|
Found 1858. |
241 |
Atacama, Bolivia, South America. |
|
|
8 |
Iron. Fragment with crust. One cut face, etched, showing well-marked Widmanstattian figures. [Smith Col- lection.] |
||
|
Found 1858. |
242 |
Staunton, Augusta Co., Virginia, U. S. A. |
|
|
1,027 |
Iron. Full section slab, beautifully polished. [Purchased of Ward and Howell.] |
||
|
2,743 |
Found in 1870. Full section slab, polished, and containing a nodule of troilifce 5 cm. in its longest dimension. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
225 |
* Found in 1870. Etched slab, show- ing well-marked Widmanstattian fig- ures. [Smith Collection.] |
78
PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Found 1858. |
243 |
Trenton, Washington Co., Wisconsin, U. S. A. |
|
|
3,634 |
Iron. One cut face, the rest crust deeply pitted. Shows good octahedral cleavage, the plates being separated by a thin foil of Schreiberseit, which is readily detached from the iron. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
1,045 |
Block, polished on four sides, the rest crust. Contains a large nodule of troilite. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
S63.5 |
* Block, with four polished faces, and the rest crust. Contains a large nodule of troilite having a breccia-like structure. [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
363.5 |
* Block, with four cut faces and the rest crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
105.5 |
* Polished slab with crust on edges. Shows Widmanstattian figures even before etching. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
91 |
* Highly polished slab, with crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
72.5 |
* Similar slab, with a large nodule of troilite. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
60) 14.5 j |
* Similar slabs. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1858. |
244 |
Kakowa, Temeser Ban at, Hungary. |
|
|
May 10, 8 A. M. |
1 |
Stone. Gray, with darker grains, and dull black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1858. |
245 |
Ausson, Montre'jeau, Haute-Garonne, |
|
|
Dec. 9, 7£ a.m. |
France. |
||
|
210 |
Stone. Gray, with darker grains and rusty iron particles. [Purchased of Louis Saemann.] |
||
|
60 |
* Irregular fragment. [Smith Col- lection.] |
||
|
43 |
* Irregular fragment. [Smith Col- lection.] |
||
|
1 |
* Irregular fragment. [Smith Col- lection.] |
||
|
Fell 1858. |
246 |
Molina, Murcia, Spain. |
|
|
Dec. 24. |
|||
|
Described 1859. |
247 |
Czartorya, Zaborzika, Volhynia, Russia. |
|
|
Found 1859. |
248 |
Port Orford, Rogue River Mts., Ore- gon, U. S. A. |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
|9
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1859.
Mar. 28, 4 P. M.
No.
249
Fell 1859.
April 4.
Fell 1859.
May 1, 3 P. M.
Fell 1S59.
Aug. 11.
Described 1860.
Known 1860.
250 251 252
253
Weight
in Grams.
85
254
71
60.5 57.5
1,300
Description.
Harrison County, Indiana, U. S. A. Stone. Nearly a complete individ- ual, with dull brown, finely pitted crust. Fracture appears light gray, set through with coarse dark gray fragments, and specks of iron. [Smith Collection.]
Mexico, District of Pampanga, Luzon, Philippine Islands.
Bueste, near Pau, Basses-Pyrene'es, France.
Bethlehem, near Albany, New York, U. S. A.
Marshall County, Kentucky, U. S. A.
Iron. Thin slab, -with crust on edges, showing good octahedral cleavage. Well-marked Widmanstattian figures are brought out with some difficulty on the etched surface. [Smith Collection.]
One etched face. The rest crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Polished slab. Crust on edges. [Smith Collection.]
Coopertown, Robertson Co., Ten- nessee, U. S. A.
Iron. Two faces at right angles, etched, showing beautiful Widman- stattian figures. The rest covered with crust, a natural octahedral appearing in one place.
Fig. 11 shows of original size the two etched faces, the larger one being paral- lel to an octahedral face determined by cleavage, and the other being at right angles. Most of the plates, forming in section equilateral triangles, are par- allel to octahedral faces ; but the plates marked b, and those parallel to them, bisect the octahedral angles and must be parallel to a dodecahedron. More- over, the plates marked a, which are parallel to a lateral edge of the octahe- dron, when followed on to the face at right angles to the first continue to be parallel to the lateral edge, and there- fore cannot be octahedral plates, and since they are parallel to a principal section of the octahedron they must be
cleavage
80
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
Found 1S60.
Found 18G0.
Found 1860 ? Fell 1860.
Feb. 2, 11J a. m
Fell 1860.
March 28.
Fell 1860.
May 1, 122 ?• m.
No.
Weight
in Grams.
255
256
257 25S
259
260
25.5
196.5
104
23,030
5.S95
Description.
cubic. Hence this specimen exhibits distinctly octahedral, dodecahedral, and cubic plates. f [Smith Collection.']
* Sawed slabs, with crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Etched slab. [Smith Collection.]
* Etched slab. [In exchange from C. U. Shepard.]
* Looks as if it had been through a forge. [Purchased from Liebener Col- lection.]
Lagrange, Oldham Co., Kentucky, U. S. A.
Iron. Block with three cut faces, one of them etched, the rest crust. Shows very narrow and somewhat in- distinct Widmanstattian plates. [Smith Collection.]
Newton County, Arkansas, U. S. A. Stone. Mostly olivine, with large grains of iron. One polished face. Rest of surface crust. Similar to Hainholz. [Smith Collection.]
* Polished slabs. [Smith Collection.]
Desert of Atacama, South America.
Alessandria (San Giuliano Vecchio), Piedmont, Italy.
Stone. Gray, with dull black crust, and cracks filled with iron. [Purchased from Liebener Collection.]
Khiragtjrh, S. E. of Bhurtpur, India.
New Concord, Muskingum County, Ohio, U. S. A.
Stone. A complete individual, some- what angular, but covered with a dull black crust, and deeply pitted. [Smith Collection.]
* One polished face, showing consid- erable iron, and gray color, the rest of surface nearly completely covered with crust. [Smith Collection.]
t Oliver W. Huntington "On the Crystalline Structure of Iron Meteorites," luc. cit.
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES.
81
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1860.
June 16, 5 a. m.
Fell 1860.
July 14, 2J p. M.
Found 1861. Fell 1861.
May 12.
Fell 1861.
May 14, 1 p. M.
Fell 1861.
June 28, 7 p. m.
Fell 1861.
Oct. 7, 1£ p. m.
Found 1862.
No.
261
262
263 264
265
266 267
268
Weight
in Grams.
Description.
300 136.5
542 4
91
46
4.5
2.5
2
1}
143
48
* One polished face and crust. [Smith Collection.']
* Nearly covered with crust. [Smith Collection.']
* Also numerous small fragments. [Purchased from Liebener Collection.]
Also part of railroad sleeper fractured by the fall of the meteorite.
Kusiali, Kumaon, India.
Dhurmsala, Kangra, Punjaub, India.
Stone. Gray, with rusty iron grains and dull black crust, deeply pitted. [Smith Collection.]
* Fragment showing crust, and with one polished face. [Smith Collection.]
Heidelberg, Baden, Germany.
Butsura, Goruckpur, India.
Canellas, Villanova de Sitjes, near Barcelona, Spain.
Mikenskoi, Grosxja, Caucasus.
Klein-Menow, Alt-Strelitz, Mecklen- berg.
Stone. Slab, polished on both sides. Dull brown crust on one end. Frac- ture looking not unlike brown sand- stone. Full of iron grains. [Smith Collection.]
* Rectangular mass, with one polished face, but no crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Irregular fragments. [Smith Col- lection.]
* Two faces cut at right angles. [S7nith Collection.]
Victoria West, Cape Colony, S. Africa.
Iron. Polished slab, with crust on edges, and showing in one part a per- fect octahedral cleavage. [Smith Col- lection.]
* Thin slab, etched, showing beauti- ful fine, and very characteristic, Wid- manstattian figures. [Smith Collection.]
vol. xxiii. (n. s. xv.)
82
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Found 1862. |
269 |
Howard Co., near Kokomo, Indiana, U. S. A. |
|
|
283 |
Iron. Two polished faces, the rest of surface covered with crust. No figures produced by etching. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
47 |
Thin, polished slab. [Smith Collec- tion.] |
||
|
41 |
* Thin slab, etched. [Smith Collec- tion.] |
||
|
47.5 |
Irregular piece, with one sawed face. [S?nith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1862. |
270 |
Botetourt, Virginia, U. S. A. |
|
|
Found 1862. |
271 |
Sierra de Chaco, Atacama Desert, S. A. |
|
|
62 |
Stone. Consisting of olivine and a large amount of iron. One polished face. The rest of surface covered with crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
30 |
* Slab, with crust on edges. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1862. |
272 |
Sevixla, Andalusia, Spain. |
|
|
Oct. 1. |
|||
|
Recognized |
273 |
Carleton Iron, Tucson, Arizona. |
|
|
1862-63. |
|||
|
Known before |
274 |
Wohler meteorite. |
|
|
1863. |
|||
|
Known 1863. |
275 |
Southeast Missouri, U. S. A. |
|
|
29.5 |
Iron. Thin slab, full section, etched, showing very striking Widmanstiittian figures covered with innumerable fine Neumann lines and interspersed with masses of bright nickeliferous iron. [S7nith Collection. From St. Louis Acad, of Nat. Science.] |
||
|
19 |
* Slab, similar in every respect to the previous specimen. |
||
|
Recognized 1863. |
276 |
Smith's Mountain, Rockingham Co., Virginia, U. S. A. |
|
|
467 |
Iron. One polished face, and the rest of the surface covered with crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
186 |
The specimen hasone broad polished face, the reverse side presenting an ap- pearance as if the iron had been blown |
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES.
88
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
or torn apart, developing a superb oc- |
|||
|
tahedral structure, very ragged, but en- |
|||
|
tirely surrounded by a rim of smooth, |
|||
|
deeply pitted crust. [Smith Collection.] |
|||
|
88 |
Beautifully etched slab, showing typi- cal Widmanstattiau figures. Full sec- tion. {Smith Collection.] |
||
|
80 |
* Like previous specimen. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1863. |
277 |
Obernkirchen, Buckeburg, Olden- berg, Prussia. |
|
|
227 |
Iron. Block, with a black friable crust on two sides, the remaining four faces etched, showing beautiful fine, clear, and perfectly characteristic Wid- |
||
|
• |
manst'attian figures. [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
98 |
Rectangular mass, with crust on one face; the other five faces are etched, and cubic plates can be distinguished with those of the octahedron. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
62 |
* Polished slab. [S?nith Collection.] |
||
|
21 |
* Polished slab. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1863. |
278 |
Dakota, U. S. A. |
|
|
81 |
Iron. Four etched faces, and the rest crust. Some parts show Neumann lines, others very good Widmanstattian plates, and still another face shows no figures whatever. Occasional masses of a bright nickel iron. [Smith Collec- tion.] |
||
|
Found 1863. |
279 |
Russel Gulch, Gilpin Co., Colorado, U. S. A. |
|
|
• |
1,624 |
Iron. Three cut faces, and the rest of the surface showing crust deeply pitted. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
147.5 |
Slab, etched, showing bent Widman- stattian plates as seen in Fig. 12, which is printed directly from this slab. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1863. |
280 |
Pulsora, Rctlam, Central India. |
|
|
March 16. |
|||
|
Fell 1863. |
281 |
Scheikar Stattan, Buschoff, Cour- |
|
|
June 2, 7£ a. m. |
land, Russia. |
||
|
Fell 1863. |
282 |
Aukoma, Pillistfer, Livland, Russia. |
|
|
Aug. 8, 12^ p. m. |
84
PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Fell 1863. |
283 |
Shytal, 40 miles north of Dacca, India. |
|
|
August 11. |
2.5 |
Stone. Gray, with dull black crust. A polished face shows numerous iron grains. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
Fell 1863. |
284 |
Tourinnes-la-Grosse, Tirlemont, Bel- |
|
|
Dec. 7, 11 a. m. |
gium. |
||
|
17 |
Stone. Light gray, with dull black crust and one cut face showing iron grains. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1863. |
|||
|
Dec. 22, 9 a. m. |
285 |
Manbhoom, Bengal, India. |
|
|
10.5 |
Stone. Light bluish gray, with dull black crust and very little iron. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Found 1863-64. |
286 |
Tomhannock Creek, Rensselaer Co., New York, U. S. A. |
|
|
9.5 |
Stone. Thin polished slab, nearly black, and full of iron grains. Shows crust. [In exchange from S. C. H. Bailey.] |
||
|
Fell 1864. |
287 |
Nerft, Courland, Russia. |
|
|
April 12, 4} a. M. |
|||
|
Fell 1864. |
288 |
Orgueil, Tarnet-Garonne, France. |
|
|
May 14, 8 P. M. |
17 |
Stone. No iron. Dead black, with white specks, and dull black crust. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
11 |
* Not so black as previous specimen, but showing well-marked crust. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
1.5 I |
* Specimens showing crust. [Sinith |
||
|
1.5 J |
Collection.] Numerous other small fragments, and a quantity of white powder in bot- tles labelled ' ' Water extract of Orgueil meteorite." [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1864. |
289 |
Dolgowoli, Volhynia, Russia. |
|
|
June 26, 7 a. M. |
|||
|
Found before |
290 |
( Copiapo, Chili. \ Sierra di Deesa. |
|
|
1865. |
|||
|
13.5 |
Iron. Fragment with one etched face, showing Widmanstattian figures very much broken up. [Smith Collec- tion. From the Paris Museum.] |
||
|
Found 1865. |
291 |
Dellys, Algiers, Africa. |
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES.
85
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1865.
Jan. 19.
Fell 1865.
March 26, 9 a. m.
Fell 1865.
May 23, 6 p. M.
Fell 1865.
Aug. 12, 7 P. M.
Fell 1865.
Aug. 25, 9 a. m.
Fell 1865.
Aug. 25, 11 a. M.
Fell 1865.
Sept. 21, 7 a. m.
Found 1866.
Found 1866.
No.
Weight
in Qrams.
292
293
36.5
294 295 296
297
298 299
300
100.5
48 29
23
20
38.5
Description.
Supuhee, Mouza Khoorna, Goruckpur, India.
Stone. Striking breccia-like struc- ture, consisting of light gray angular fragments, of greatly varying size, set in a dark matrix. A polished face shows iron grains distributed through the mass. One portion of the speci- men is covered with a smooth dull black crust, while another portion has a thinner crust covered with small pit- tings. [Smith Collection.]
Vernon Co., Wisconsin (Claywater), U. S. A.
Stone. Dark brown, full of rusty iron grains, and covered, with the ex- ception of two polished faces, by a dull brown crust. [Smith Collection.]
Thin polished slab, with crust on ends. [Smith Collection.'}
* Similar to previous specimen. [Smith Collection.'}
* Polished slab, but with no well- formed crust. [Stnith Collection.]
Gopalpur, Jessore, India.
Dundrum, Tipperary, Ireland.
Um.thiawar, Sherghotty, Berar, In- dia.
Aumale, Senhadja, Algeria, Africa. Stone. Gray, with one polished face showing some iron. [Smith Collec- tion.]
Muddoor, Mysore, India.
Bear Creek, Denver Co., Colorado, U. S. A.
Iron. Etched slab, showing well- marked Widmanstattian figures, also crust, and good octahedral cleavage on edge. [Smith Collection.]
Prambanan, Socrakarta, Java.
86
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in Grams. |
Description. |
|
Found 1866. |
301 |
Frankfort, Franklin Co., Kentucky, U. S. A. Iron. Single cleavage octahedron |
|
|
7,519 |
|||
|
shown in Fig. 13. [Smith Collection.] |
|||
|
Found 1866. |
302 |
Juncal, Paypote, Chili. |
|
|
Found 1866. |
303 |
Barranca Blanca, San Francisco Pass, Chili. |
|
|
27 |
Iron. Ragged exterior, and two |
||
|
etched surfaces, showing very peculiar figures, surrounding small nodules of troilite. Shown of original size in Fig. 14. [Smith Collection.] |
|||
|
Fell 1866. |
304 |
Udipi, South Canara, India. |
|
|
April. |
31.5 |
* Stone. Gray, with light and dark grains and dull black crust. Two pol- ished faces, showing iron thickly dis- tributed. [Smith Collection.'] |
|
|
30.5 |
Similar to previous specimen, only with more crust. [Smith Collection.] * Also some small fragments. |
||
|
Fell 1866. |
305 |
Pokhra, near Bustee, Goruckpur, India. |
|
|
May 27. |
|||
|
Fell 1866. |
306 |
Saint Mesmim, Troyes, Aube, France. |
|
|
May 30, 3J a. m. |
6 |
Stone. Fragment, dark and light gray, with smooth dull brown crust and very little iron. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
1 |
Shows crust. [Smith Collection.] * Also other small fragments. |
||
|
Fell 1866. |
307 |
Knyahinya, Unghvar, Hungary. |
|
|
June 9, 5 1. m. |
533 |
Stone. With one large polished face showing light and dark grains, more or less surrounded with iron. The rest of the specimen is covered by a dull brown crust with small pittings. [Smith Col- lection. From University of Pesth.] |
|
|
256.5 |
* Similar to previous specimen. [Smith Collection. From University of Pesth.] |
||
|
66 |
Completely covered with crust. [Smith Collection. From University of Pesth.] |
||
|
29.5 |
* Similar to previous specimen. [Smith Collection. From University of Pesth.] |
||
|
Fell 1866. |
308 |
Jamkheir, Ahmednuggur, Bombay, In- |
|
|
Oct. 6. |
dia. |
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
87
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
in |
Description. |
|
309 |
Grams. |
||
|
Fell 1866. |
Elqueras, Cangas di Onis, Oviedo, |
||
|
Dec. 6. |
Spain. |
||
|
13.5 |
Stone. Dark gray. One polished face showing breccia-like structure and iron grains. Dull black crust. [Smith Col- lection.] |
||
|
Found 1867. |
310 |
San Francisco del Mesquital, near Durango, Mexico. |
|
|
52.5 |
Iron. Thin slab, with one side etched showing Neumann lines, the other side covered by a smooth crust* [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
Found 1867. |
311 |
Auburn, Macon Co., Alabama, U. S A. |
|
|
Found 1867. |
312 |
Losttown, CherokeeCo., Georgia, U. S. A. |
|
|
Fell 1367. |
313 |
• |
Khetree, Rajpootana, India. |
|
Jan. 19, 9 a. m. |
|||
|
Fell 1867. |
314 |
Tadjera, Setif, Algiers. |
|
|
June 9, 10J P. M. |
32 |
Stone. Fragment, black and com- pact containing articles of what looks like pyrhotite. Smooth black crust. [Smith Collection. Presented by Paris Museum.] |
|
|
Found 1867. |
315 |
Allen County (near Scottsville), Ken- |
|
|
June. |
tucky, U. S. A. |
||
|
534 |
Iron. Thin etched slab with crust on all the edges. The etched surface and the inclusions of troilite resemble very closely those of the Coahuila irons. [Purchased from Ward and Howell.] |
||
|
21 |
Slab showing cleavage which appears identical with that of the Saltillo (San- cha estate) iron. [Purchased from Ward and Howell.] |
||
|
Found 1868. |
316 |
Goalpara, Assam, India. |
|
|
48 |
Stone. Curious blue-black mass of irregular grains loosely packed togeth- er. Brown woody-looking crust. No iron appearing on polished face. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1868. |
317 |
Pultusk, Sielce Nowy, Poland. |
|
|
Jan. 30, 7 p. m. |
689 |
Stone. Large polished face showing numerous iron grains. Gray color, dull black crust, also showing partially formed crust on recent fracture. [Smith Collection.] |
88
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
|
Weight |
|||
|
Date of Fall or Find. |
No. |
iu Grams. |
Description. |
|
110 |
* Completely covered with crust ex- cept on one corner. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
94 |
Complete individual, but with the crust thinner in some parts than in others. [Smith Collection.'] |
||
|
94 |
Crust complete. [Purchased from Liebener Collection.] |
||
|
87 |
The same. |
||
|
68 |
The same. |
||
|
56.5 |
Crust complete, except on one edge. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
48.6 |
Complete, except on one corner. [Purchased from Ward and Howell.'] |
||
|
40 |
Crust complete. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
39 |
* Crust slightly nicked off. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
37 |
* Crust slightly nicked off. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
29 |
* Complete stone. [Purchased of Ward and Howell.] |
||
|
25.5 |
* Complete stone. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
7.5 |
* The same. |
||
|
8 |
* The same. |
||
|
* Fragments with crust. [Smith Col- |
|||
|
6.5 f 5.5J |
lection.] |
||
|
Fell 1868. |
318 |
Motta di Conti, Casale, Piedmont. |
|
|
Feb. 29, 11 A. M. |
|||
|
Fell 1868. |
319 |
Daniel's Kuil, Griqualand, South |
|
|
Mar. 20. |
Africa. |
||
|
22 |
Stone. Fragment. Dark gray, fine grained, with particles of iron through the mass. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1868. |
320 |
Slavetic, Agram, Croatia. |
|
|
May 22, 10 J A. M. |
|||
|
Fell 1868. |
321 |
Pnompehn, Cambodia, India. |
|
|
June 20-30, 3 p. M. |
|||
|
Fell 1868. |
322 |
Ornans, Doubs, France. |
|
|
July 11. |
2.5 |
Stone. Fragment looking like a bluish gray clay or hardened mud. Almost no iron. [Smith Collection.] |
|
|
1 |
* Similar to previous specimen. [Smith Collection.] |
||
|
Fell 1868. |
323 |
Sauquis, St. Etienne, Basses-Pyrenees, |
|
|
Sept. 8, 2J a. m. |
France. |
||
|
6 |
Stone. Fragment, light gray with silvery grains of iron. [Smith Collec- tion. Gift of Paris Museum.] |
OP ARTS AND SCIENCES.
89
Date of Fall or Find.
No.
Fell 1863.
Oct. 1.
Fell 1868. Noy. 27, 5 p. m.
Fell 1868.
Dec. 5.
324
325
326
Fell 1868.
Dec. 22.
Found 1869.
Summer.
Found 1869.
Fell 1869. Jan. 1, 12JP.M.
327
328
329
130
Weight
in Grams.
81
15.5 5.5
106
21
7.5
368
59
66
37 9.5
Description.
Lodran, Mooltan, India.
Danville, Alabama, U. S. A.
Stone. Irregular fragment, gray color, and dark brown crust. The en- tire mass is intersected by a network of dark gray veins, and grains of iron sprinkled through. [Smith Collection.]
* Similar to previous specimen, only without crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Shows crust. [Smith Collection.'] Also some fine powder.
Frankfort, Franklin Co., Alabama, IT. S. A.
Stone. Gray, with very little iron showing on polished face. Grains of all colors, notably dark ones. Black vitreous crust with raised veins like the markings left by the palm of the hand on an oily surface. [Smith Collection.]
* Similar to previous specimen. [Smith Collection.]
Moteeka Nugla, Bhurtpur, India. Stone. Dark gray slab, polished on both sides, full of iron grains. Crust on one end. [Smith Collection.]
Utah (between Salt Lake City and Echo), U. S. A.
Shingle Springs, Eldorado Co., Califor- nia, U. S. A.
Hessle, near Upsala, Sweden.
Stone. Completely covered with a dull black crust, except on one corner where it shows a gray fracture, with iron grains sprinkled through the mass. [Smith Collection. From Royal Museum, Stockholm.]
Completely covered by " crust. [Smith
* Fragment half cov- Collection. ered with crust. From
* Complete individual. [ Royal
* Shows crust. Museum,
* One polished face Stockholm] and crust.
90
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1869.
May 6, 6 J p.m.
Fell 1869.
May 22, 10 P. M.
Fell 1869.
Sept. 19, 9 p.m.
Fell 1869.
Oct. 6, 11| A. M.
Fell 1870.
Jan. 23.
Fell 1870.
June 17, 2 p. M.
Fell 1870.
Aug. 18.
Described 1871.
Found 1871.
Fell 1871.
Spring.
No.
331
332
333 334
335
336
337
338 339 340
Weigh t
in Grams.
1.5 .6 .4
365
41
46
5.5
4 o
1.5)- 1.5 .5
20.5
Description.
* Crust complete.
* Crust complete.
* Crust complete.
* Crust complete.
[Smith Collection. From Royal Mu- seum, Stockholm.']
Other small fragments. [Purchased from Ward and Hoivell.]
Krahenberg, Zweibrticken, Bavaria.
Kernouve, Cle"querec, Morbihan, France.
Stone. Gray, fine-grained, compact, with dull brown crust. One cut face showing grains of iron. [Smith Collec- tion. From F. Psaini]
* Irregular fragment. [Smith Collec- tion. From F. Psaini.]
Tjabe", Pandanjan, Java.
Lumpkin, Stewart Co.. Georgia, U.S. A. Stone. Gray, with darker grains and dull black crust. One face polished, showing iron grains. [Smith Collec- tion.']
* Thin polished slab, with crust on edges. [Smith Collection.]
* Similar to previous specimen. [Smith Collection.]
Nedagolla, Mirangi, Vizagapatam, In- dia.
Iron. Slab, with one face etched, showing only a mottled surface. [Smith Collection.]
Ibbenbuhren, Westphalia, Prussia.
Cabezzo de Mayo, Murcia, Spain.
Iquique, Peru.
Oczeretna, Lipovitz, Kiev, Russia.
Roda, near Huesca, Aragonia, Spain.
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
91
Date of Fall or Find.
Fell 1871. May 21, 8J a. m.
Fell 1871.
Dec. 10, 1J P. M.
Found 1872. Found 1872.
Fell 1872.
MayS.
Fell 1S72.
June 28, Noon.
Fell 1872.
July 23, 5J p. m.
Fell 1872.
Aug. 31, h\ a. m.
Found 1873.
No.
341
Weight
in Grams.
Description.
20
10.5
342
343 344
345 346
347 348 349
1,675
516.5 364 367 51.5
8 275
103 56
Searsmont, Waldo Co., Maine, U.S.A.
Stone. Light gray, with darker grains and fine specks of iron. [Smith Collection.]
Fragment showing a dull black crust. [Smith Collection.]
* Also numerous small bits, of less than a gram each. [Smith Collection.]
Bandong, Goemoroeh, Java.
Nenntmannsdorf, Pirna, Saxony.
Waconda, Mitchell Co., Kansas, U. S. A.
Stone. Light gray, friable clay- like mass, containing very little iron. Partly covered by a dull black crust. [Smith Collection.]
Similar to previous specimen. [S7tiith Collection.]
Similarto previous specimen. [Smith Collection.]
Fragment without crust. [Smith Col- lection.]
Fragment showing crust. [Smith Col- lection.]
Fragment without crust. [Smith Col- lection.]
Small fragments from five grams down, many of them showing the crust. [Smith Collection.]
Dyalpur, Sultanpur, Oude, India.
Sikkensaare, Tennasilm, Esthland, Russia.
Lance, Authon, Orleans, France.
Orvinio, near Rome, Italy.
Chulafinnee, Cleburne Co., Alabama, U. S. A.
Iron. Highly polished slab, with crust on edges. [S7nith Collection. From A. Otto.]
* Etched slab, showing well-marked Widmanstattian figures. [Smith Col- lection.]
92
PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMEPJCAN ACADEMY
Date of Fall or Find.
Found 1873.
Recognized 1873.
Fell 1873.
June.
Fell 1873.
Sept. 23, 5 a. m.
Found 1874.
No.
Weight
in Grams.
350
351
352
353
354
000
21.5 3
53
69
8,028 2,919
1,439
Description.
Ssyromoltow, Angara, Siberia.
Duel Hill, Madison Co., North Carolina, U. S. A.
Iron. A large etched face shows cu- rious Widmanstattian figures. In some parts good octahedral plates with inclu- sions of bright nickel-iron, but other portions of the surface are cracked up into irregular grains, showing no evi- dence of Widmanstattian plates. The exterior shows a well-marked octahe- dral cleavage. [Smith Collection.]
* Fragment with etched surface, and marked octahedral cleavage on exterior. [Smith Collection.]
* Irregular fragment. [Smith Collec- tion.]
Jhung, Punjaub, India.
Stone. Dark gray, full of darker grains. Three polished faces show considerable iron. On two sides cov- ered with a black spongy crust. [Smith Collection.]
Khairpur, Mooltan, India.
Stone. Dark-colored, compact, and full of fine iron particles. Nearly cov- ered by a thin black crust, excepting two poiished faces. [Smith Collection.]
Butler, Bates Co., Missouri, U. S. A.
Iron. Mass, with two sawed faces at right angles to each other, and